ultimate, 128, 129
efficiency limit
Shockley-Queisser, 24, 128–133, 139, 182, 239
silicon, 133
spectral utilization, 185, 195
thermodynamic, 22, 125–127, 376
equivalent circuit, 117–120
fill factor, 111–114, 118, 131, 163, 413
flexible, 177
front surface field, 172
hetero junction, 172–174
history, 149–152
ideality factor, 113, 118
interdigitated back contact, 170–172
loss, 23
collection, 135
optical, 134, 141, 165–166, 172
shading, 134, 163, 169
spectral mismatch, 128–129
maximum power point, 112, 276, 284, 285, 307, 328, 331
multi-junction, 139, 151, 182–186, 193–197
intermediate reflector, 197
metamorphic, 186
micromorph, 193–195
operating point, 120, 275
PERL concept, 169–170
resistance
series, 118, 135, 163