17.1
17.2
17.2.1
17
Introduction to PV systems
Introduction
After discussing the fundamental scientific theories required for solar cells in Part II and
taking a look at modern PV technology in Part III, we will now use the knowledge gained
to discuss complete PV systems. Besides PV modules that were covered in Chapter 15, a
PV system contains many different components. For successfully planning a PV system it
is crucial to understand the function of the different components and to know their major
specifications. Further, it is important to know the effect of the location on the (expected)
performance of a PV system.
Types of PV systems
PV systems can be small and very simple, consisting of just a PV module and load, as in
the direct powering of a water pump motor which only needs to operate when the Sun
shines. On the other hand, PV systems can also be built as large power plants with a peak
power of several MW; these are connected to the electricity grid. Many systems are placed
on residential homes. When a whole house needs to be powered and is not connected to
the electricity grid, the PV system must be operational day and night. It may also have to
feed both AC and DC loads, have reserve power, and may even include a backup
generator. Depending on the system configuration, we can distinguish three main types of
PV systems: stand-alone, grid-connected, and hybrid. The basic PV system principles and
elements remain the same. Systems are adapted to meet particular requirements by varying
the type and quantity of the basic elements. A modular system design allows easy
expansion when power demands change.
Stand-alone systems
Stand-alone systems, which are also called off-grid PV systems, rely on solar power only.
These systems can consist of the PV modules and a load only or they can include batteries
for energy storage. When using batteries charge controllers are included, which disconnect
17.2
17.2.1
17
Introduction to PV systems
Introduction
After discussing the fundamental scientific theories required for solar cells in Part II and
taking a look at modern PV technology in Part III, we will now use the knowledge gained
to discuss complete PV systems. Besides PV modules that were covered in Chapter 15, a
PV system contains many different components. For successfully planning a PV system it
is crucial to understand the function of the different components and to know their major
specifications. Further, it is important to know the effect of the location on the (expected)
performance of a PV system.
Types of PV systems
PV systems can be small and very simple, consisting of just a PV module and load, as in
the direct powering of a water pump motor which only needs to operate when the Sun
shines. On the other hand, PV systems can also be built as large power plants with a peak
power of several MW; these are connected to the electricity grid. Many systems are placed
on residential homes. When a whole house needs to be powered and is not connected to
the electricity grid, the PV system must be operational day and night. It may also have to
feed both AC and DC loads, have reserve power, and may even include a backup
generator. Depending on the system configuration, we can distinguish three main types of
PV systems: stand-alone, grid-connected, and hybrid. The basic PV system principles and
elements remain the same. Systems are adapted to meet particular requirements by varying
the type and quantity of the basic elements. A modular system design allows easy
expansion when power demands change.
Stand-alone systems
Stand-alone systems, which are also called off-grid PV systems, rely on solar power only.
These systems can consist of the PV modules and a load only or they can include batteries
for energy storage. When using batteries charge controllers are included, which disconnect