2
Remanufacturing and Advanced Machining
Schwartz (2010) suggested that the following materials can be considered new:
1. Carbon–carbon composites
2. Shape memory alloys
3. Nanostructured materials, especially nanotubes, because fundamental
physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials are surprisingly
altered as their constituent grains are reduced to a nanometer scale owing
to their size, shape, surface chemistry, and topology
4. Functionally gradient materials
5. Materials for micro-electro-mechanical systems and fuel cells
6. Liquid crystal polymers/interpenetrating network for polymers/interpenetrating phase ceramics
Thus, the term “new materials” can be associated with any materials recently
developed that possess significantly different properties than the “traditional” ones
(Sreejith and Ngoi, 2001). In recent years, however, more and more research into
synthesizing new materials has been devoted to new functionalities, such as properties regulation, self-healing, reprocessing, solid-state recycling, and controllable
degradation (Zhang et al., 2018). This indicates an awareness of the entire life cycle
of the product. It is emphasized that without a rethinking of material utilization in
the linear economy, many elements vital for industry, such as gold, silver, indium,
iridium, or tungsten, could be depleted within the next 5–50 years (Tolio et al., 2017).
Thus, apart from the introduction of new materials, the concept of circular economy
(CE) should be implemented, which can be presented in the form of a 6R practical
framework, namely reduction, repair, reuse, recover, remanufacturing, and recycling
(Ghisellini and Ulgiati, 2020). Recycling is among the lowest in the hierarchy of
EoL recovery strategy as it consumes much energy in melting and reprocessing and
leads to material downgrade in terms of quality and usability in their subsequent life
cycles (Wahab et al., 2018).
The vision of the circular economy paradigm is focused on fundamental changes
in the current linear economic approach “take–make–dispose,” which generates
massive waste flows. It can be understood as an industrial system, restorative and
regenerative by the very intention and design, aimed at keeping products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value along their life cycle (Tolio
et al., 2017). In other words, CE replaces the product “end-of-life” (EoL) concept
with restoration in order to eliminate waste through the superior design of materials,
products, and systems. Circular economy may represent a new sustainable growth
path and a business opportunity for the worldwide manufacturing industry. A growing number of the EoL products and resulting waste have made environmental protection and resource conservation an arduous task for countries across the world,
requiring a series of governmental laws and regulations concerning remanufacturing
to help support the development of such industries (Cao et al., 2020).
A sustainable transition to circular economy is expected to bring benefits in environmental, economic, and social terms. In environmental terms, CE practices have
the potential to bring 80–90% savings in raw materials and energy consumption
Remanufacturing and Advanced Machining
Schwartz (2010) suggested that the following materials can be considered new:
1. Carbon–carbon composites
2. Shape memory alloys
3. Nanostructured materials, especially nanotubes, because fundamental
physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials are surprisingly
altered as their constituent grains are reduced to a nanometer scale owing
to their size, shape, surface chemistry, and topology
4. Functionally gradient materials
5. Materials for micro-electro-mechanical systems and fuel cells
6. Liquid crystal polymers/interpenetrating network for polymers/interpenetrating phase ceramics
Thus, the term “new materials” can be associated with any materials recently
developed that possess significantly different properties than the “traditional” ones
(Sreejith and Ngoi, 2001). In recent years, however, more and more research into
synthesizing new materials has been devoted to new functionalities, such as properties regulation, self-healing, reprocessing, solid-state recycling, and controllable
degradation (Zhang et al., 2018). This indicates an awareness of the entire life cycle
of the product. It is emphasized that without a rethinking of material utilization in
the linear economy, many elements vital for industry, such as gold, silver, indium,
iridium, or tungsten, could be depleted within the next 5–50 years (Tolio et al., 2017).
Thus, apart from the introduction of new materials, the concept of circular economy
(CE) should be implemented, which can be presented in the form of a 6R practical
framework, namely reduction, repair, reuse, recover, remanufacturing, and recycling
(Ghisellini and Ulgiati, 2020). Recycling is among the lowest in the hierarchy of
EoL recovery strategy as it consumes much energy in melting and reprocessing and
leads to material downgrade in terms of quality and usability in their subsequent life
cycles (Wahab et al., 2018).
The vision of the circular economy paradigm is focused on fundamental changes
in the current linear economic approach “take–make–dispose,” which generates
massive waste flows. It can be understood as an industrial system, restorative and
regenerative by the very intention and design, aimed at keeping products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value along their life cycle (Tolio
et al., 2017). In other words, CE replaces the product “end-of-life” (EoL) concept
with restoration in order to eliminate waste through the superior design of materials,
products, and systems. Circular economy may represent a new sustainable growth
path and a business opportunity for the worldwide manufacturing industry. A growing number of the EoL products and resulting waste have made environmental protection and resource conservation an arduous task for countries across the world,
requiring a series of governmental laws and regulations concerning remanufacturing
to help support the development of such industries (Cao et al., 2020).
A sustainable transition to circular economy is expected to bring benefits in environmental, economic, and social terms. In environmental terms, CE practices have
the potential to bring 80–90% savings in raw materials and energy consumption