101
Protection and Restoration
2. Meso level
• Finalization of complete closed-loop DRAM case studies based on
material and location to assess technical, ecological, and economic
feasibility.
• Development of business models that can fabricate and sell these
DRAM tools, components, and services around calibrating, using, and
maintaining them.
• Development of paths to enable existing recycling organizations and
businesses to convert their activities to these new DRAM-focused business models.
3. Macro level
• Development of policies to provide incentives for open-source development of the above-mentioned paths for DRAM.
• Development of educational materials and school programs to implement DRAM in public and private schools, community centers, etc.
• Development of means to disrupting fossil-fuel-based plastic markets by offsetting materials with DRAM-based products (Sanchez
et al., 2020).
2.2 PROTECTIVE AND TECHNOLOGICAL COATINGS FOR
HOT WORKING PROCESSES AND HEAT TREATMENT
During materials processing, when steel components are heated in the presence of
air or products of combustion, oxidation and decarburization phenomena take place.
These can lead to quality impairment through dimensional changes, worsened surface finish, quench cracking, etc. Measures against scaling and decarburization are
undertaken in many hot working technologies and heat treatment. It was reported
that decarburized depth of heated constructional and alloyed steels can be reduced
to 6–10% by means of protective coating (Alexenko et al., 2016). In fact, it can be
assumed that protective technological coatings can be useful at any stage of the
manufacturing process from the ingot to ready-to-use components and units.
2.2.1 general requiremenTs
Coatings used for protection of hot processed workpieces differ from those designed
to protect finished parts during their operation in terms of both chemical composition and physical characteristics. Any coating is expected to protect the outer surface
of a component, but in the case of temporary technological coatings it is especially
important to prevent scaling in the heating process. Thus, a technological coating
should form a continuous and thermally stable film, isolating a heated metal from
the environment. When protecting high-performance steels and alloys, technological coatings must shield the surface from decarburization, burnout of alloying elements, intergranular gas corrosion, and contamination with interstitial elements,
such as oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen. The temperature range of protection is very
wide, from 500 to 2000°С, and duration of hot processing can span between several
Protection and Restoration
2. Meso level
• Finalization of complete closed-loop DRAM case studies based on
material and location to assess technical, ecological, and economic
feasibility.
• Development of business models that can fabricate and sell these
DRAM tools, components, and services around calibrating, using, and
maintaining them.
• Development of paths to enable existing recycling organizations and
businesses to convert their activities to these new DRAM-focused business models.
3. Macro level
• Development of policies to provide incentives for open-source development of the above-mentioned paths for DRAM.
• Development of educational materials and school programs to implement DRAM in public and private schools, community centers, etc.
• Development of means to disrupting fossil-fuel-based plastic markets by offsetting materials with DRAM-based products (Sanchez
et al., 2020).
2.2 PROTECTIVE AND TECHNOLOGICAL COATINGS FOR
HOT WORKING PROCESSES AND HEAT TREATMENT
During materials processing, when steel components are heated in the presence of
air or products of combustion, oxidation and decarburization phenomena take place.
These can lead to quality impairment through dimensional changes, worsened surface finish, quench cracking, etc. Measures against scaling and decarburization are
undertaken in many hot working technologies and heat treatment. It was reported
that decarburized depth of heated constructional and alloyed steels can be reduced
to 6–10% by means of protective coating (Alexenko et al., 2016). In fact, it can be
assumed that protective technological coatings can be useful at any stage of the
manufacturing process from the ingot to ready-to-use components and units.
2.2.1 general requiremenTs
Coatings used for protection of hot processed workpieces differ from those designed
to protect finished parts during their operation in terms of both chemical composition and physical characteristics. Any coating is expected to protect the outer surface
of a component, but in the case of temporary technological coatings it is especially
important to prevent scaling in the heating process. Thus, a technological coating
should form a continuous and thermally stable film, isolating a heated metal from
the environment. When protecting high-performance steels and alloys, technological coatings must shield the surface from decarburization, burnout of alloying elements, intergranular gas corrosion, and contamination with interstitial elements,
such as oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen. The temperature range of protection is very
wide, from 500 to 2000°С, and duration of hot processing can span between several