233
6.4.7 Agitation or Vortexing
It is important to accelerate the extraction; however, it is necessary to disperse the
best media in order to get a good contact between the analytes and the extraction
solvent. So the vortex apparatus type and the vortex time are very important parameters (Aydin et al. 2018). Ultrasonication can be also applied. It increases the mass
transfer of target compounds, and it decreases the extraction time (Gu et al. 2014).
6.5 Conclusion
Extensive studies have been conducted on the different applications of deep eutectic
solvents. Their low cost, their ease of synthesis, and their eco-friendly behavior
make them suitable extraction solvents in the newly developed microextraction
techniques. This review confirmed that the use of deep eutectic solvent in many
extraction techniques, either alone or mixed in a certain percentage of water, has
given many advantages compared to the highly toxic conventional organic solvents.
Mainly, this was proved by the enhanced extraction efficiency for different kind of
molecules and macromolecules especially drugs, proteins, and plants secondary
metabolites. In addition, deep eutectic solvent properties, such as melting point,
density, viscosity, compatibility with instrumental detection systems, surface tension, polarity and solubilizing properties, pH, and cell disruption ability, should be
considered for a maximum extraction efficiency. Extraction method parameters
including type of deep eutectic solvent, sample to deep eutectic solvent volume ratio
(v/v), effect of matrix ions, type of emulsifier agent, temperature, time, and agitation should be optimized. Future studies should be carried for the extraction of other
important bio-based compounds and for the development of new extraction techniques that could be even greener. Also, the application of these solvents in the
industrial large-scale extraction techniques should be investigated later on.
Acknowledgments Lamia Nakhle has received a scholarship from Université du Littoral Côte
d’Opale (ULCO) and from the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS-L).
References
Abbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK, Tambyrajah V (2003) Novel solvent properties
of choline chloride/urea mixtures Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: spectroscopic data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b210714g/. Chem Commun 1:70–71.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b210714g
Abbott AP, Boothby D, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK (2004) Deep eutectic solvents formed
between choline chloride and carboxylic acids: versatile alternatives to ionic liquids. J Am
Chem Soc 126(29):9142–9147. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja048266j
6 Methods for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant and Animal Matter…
6.4.7 Agitation or Vortexing
It is important to accelerate the extraction; however, it is necessary to disperse the
best media in order to get a good contact between the analytes and the extraction
solvent. So the vortex apparatus type and the vortex time are very important parameters (Aydin et al. 2018). Ultrasonication can be also applied. It increases the mass
transfer of target compounds, and it decreases the extraction time (Gu et al. 2014).
6.5 Conclusion
Extensive studies have been conducted on the different applications of deep eutectic
solvents. Their low cost, their ease of synthesis, and their eco-friendly behavior
make them suitable extraction solvents in the newly developed microextraction
techniques. This review confirmed that the use of deep eutectic solvent in many
extraction techniques, either alone or mixed in a certain percentage of water, has
given many advantages compared to the highly toxic conventional organic solvents.
Mainly, this was proved by the enhanced extraction efficiency for different kind of
molecules and macromolecules especially drugs, proteins, and plants secondary
metabolites. In addition, deep eutectic solvent properties, such as melting point,
density, viscosity, compatibility with instrumental detection systems, surface tension, polarity and solubilizing properties, pH, and cell disruption ability, should be
considered for a maximum extraction efficiency. Extraction method parameters
including type of deep eutectic solvent, sample to deep eutectic solvent volume ratio
(v/v), effect of matrix ions, type of emulsifier agent, temperature, time, and agitation should be optimized. Future studies should be carried for the extraction of other
important bio-based compounds and for the development of new extraction techniques that could be even greener. Also, the application of these solvents in the
industrial large-scale extraction techniques should be investigated later on.
Acknowledgments Lamia Nakhle has received a scholarship from Université du Littoral Côte
d’Opale (ULCO) and from the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS-L).
References
Abbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK, Tambyrajah V (2003) Novel solvent properties
of choline chloride/urea mixtures Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: spectroscopic data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b210714g/. Chem Commun 1:70–71.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b210714g
Abbott AP, Boothby D, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK (2004) Deep eutectic solvents formed
between choline chloride and carboxylic acids: versatile alternatives to ionic liquids. J Am
Chem Soc 126(29):9142–9147. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja048266j
6 Methods for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant and Animal Matter…