105
HaCatT
Cell line of human keratinocytes
HT29
Cell line of human colorectal adenocarcinoma
FDDS
Fast-dissolving delivery systems
RESS
Rapid expansion of supercritical solution
PGSS
Particle from gas saturated solution
SAS
Supercritical antisolvent
NSAID
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
VLE
Vapor liquid equilibria
TEER
Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance
3.1 Introduction
The development of green chemistry methods was initially reported in the 1990s
and has a major importance in the development of more sustainable processes and
less hazardous substances (Anastas and Eghbali 2010; Dunn 2012; Anastas and
Kirchhoff 2002). The green chemistry concept was defined by the Environmental
Protection Agency as the “design of chemical products and processes to reduce or
eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances” (Anastas and Eghbali
2010; Anastas and Warner 1998). This concept is diffused throughout chemical
industry and academia in a search for the development of sustainable processes and
new substances to be applied in different fields, such as healthcare and pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, energy, advanced materials, and many other areas of
research (Dunn 2012; Warner et al. 2004).
The green chemistry approaches in pharmaceutical field are frequently applied to
solve problems concerning toxicity and bioavailability of the active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs). Nonetheless, it is also crucial to design new sustainable processes for the synthesis of APIs. The sustainability in pharmaceutical industry is
nowadays an essential point to take into consideration, due to the possibility of
reducing costs of production and produce safer products that contribute to decrease
their toxicity in human health, but that also reduce the risk of contamination of the
environment (Kümmerer 2007, 2010; Cizmas et al. 2015; Ali and Khan 2017;
Blasco and DelValls 2008). It was reported early in the 1990s that the amount of
waste produced for the synthesis of 1 kg of an API was around 50–100 kg. These
findings triggered pharmaceutical industries to find alternatives for the reduction
and/or elimination of the waste generated, implement the use of green solvents, and
develop new synthesis processes (Kümmerer 2007, 2010).
The investigation and application of green solvents has been one of the most
active areas in the research of green chemistry, because solvents currently used
contribute with a mass waste in synthesis processes and usually present high toxicity and flammability and could be corrosive (Anastas and Eghbali 2010). In this
sense, the implementation of processes that avoid the use of solvents or use alternative solvents such as water, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, and more recently
deep eutectic systems is taken into consideration for improvement of industrial
3 Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Systems for the Enhancement of Drug Bioavailability
HaCatT
Cell line of human keratinocytes
HT29
Cell line of human colorectal adenocarcinoma
FDDS
Fast-dissolving delivery systems
RESS
Rapid expansion of supercritical solution
PGSS
Particle from gas saturated solution
SAS
Supercritical antisolvent
NSAID
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
VLE
Vapor liquid equilibria
TEER
Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance
3.1 Introduction
The development of green chemistry methods was initially reported in the 1990s
and has a major importance in the development of more sustainable processes and
less hazardous substances (Anastas and Eghbali 2010; Dunn 2012; Anastas and
Kirchhoff 2002). The green chemistry concept was defined by the Environmental
Protection Agency as the “design of chemical products and processes to reduce or
eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances” (Anastas and Eghbali
2010; Anastas and Warner 1998). This concept is diffused throughout chemical
industry and academia in a search for the development of sustainable processes and
new substances to be applied in different fields, such as healthcare and pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, energy, advanced materials, and many other areas of
research (Dunn 2012; Warner et al. 2004).
The green chemistry approaches in pharmaceutical field are frequently applied to
solve problems concerning toxicity and bioavailability of the active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs). Nonetheless, it is also crucial to design new sustainable processes for the synthesis of APIs. The sustainability in pharmaceutical industry is
nowadays an essential point to take into consideration, due to the possibility of
reducing costs of production and produce safer products that contribute to decrease
their toxicity in human health, but that also reduce the risk of contamination of the
environment (Kümmerer 2007, 2010; Cizmas et al. 2015; Ali and Khan 2017;
Blasco and DelValls 2008). It was reported early in the 1990s that the amount of
waste produced for the synthesis of 1 kg of an API was around 50–100 kg. These
findings triggered pharmaceutical industries to find alternatives for the reduction
and/or elimination of the waste generated, implement the use of green solvents, and
develop new synthesis processes (Kümmerer 2007, 2010).
The investigation and application of green solvents has been one of the most
active areas in the research of green chemistry, because solvents currently used
contribute with a mass waste in synthesis processes and usually present high toxicity and flammability and could be corrosive (Anastas and Eghbali 2010). In this
sense, the implementation of processes that avoid the use of solvents or use alternative solvents such as water, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, and more recently
deep eutectic systems is taken into consideration for improvement of industrial
3 Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Systems for the Enhancement of Drug Bioavailability