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gemcitabine. Solid lipid nanoparticles represent an alternative carrier system to conventional colloidal carriers due to their specific features such as the use of natural
fabrication components, size and related narrow distribution, enhanced stability,
and increased permeation through biological barriers. Additionally, increased solubility, biocompatibility, ease of manufacture, and different possible administration
routes enable solid lipid nanoparticles a frontline drug delivery system.
Skiba et al. (1993) first proposed the concept of employing cyclodextrin in the
solid nanoparticulate system and filed a patent for this invention. This invention
described the development and application of a novel cyclodextrin-based dispersible
colloidal system in the form of spherical particles of matrix type with size ranging
from 90 to 900 nm (nanospheres), which might contain an active pharmaceutical
ingredient. This nanoparticulate system was used as a carrier for numerous pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents.
Similarly, Cavalli et al. (1999) developed inclusion complexes of hydrocortisone
and progesterone with β-cyclodextrin or 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin to modulate
the release kinetics. The inclusion complexes were incorporated into two types of
solid lipid nanoparticles. The results showed that using the β-cyclodextrin complexes,
the incorporation of the more hydrophilic drug, hydrocortisone, was higher than that
of progesterone. The release of hydrocortisone and progesterone from solid lipid
nanoparticles was lower when they were incorporated as inclusion complexes than as
free molecules. To study the morphology of cyclodextrin-based solid lipid nanoparticles, Dubes et al. (2003) have performed scanning electron microscopy and atomic
force microscopy for the imagery of solid lipid nanoparticles developed from an
amphiphilic cyclodextrin, 2,3-di-o-alkanoyl-β-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin 21C6.
The results of the study reveal that the vacuum drying technique used in sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy causes shrinkage in the size of the solid lipid
nanoparticles, whereas the deposition method used for atomic force microscopy produces small clusters of solid lipid nanoparticles.
Chirio et al. (2011) formulated solid lipid nanoparticles of curcumin, composed
of different triglycerides with or without various modified α- and γ-cyclodextrins.
The synthesized nanoparticles showed significant entrapment efficiency, improved
hydrolytic stability, and a notable reduction in curcumin photodegradation when the
drug was incorporated in tristearin solid lipid nanoparticles. Moreover, the results of
the skin uptake study displayed an improvement in curcumin skin accumulation
when curcumin was incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles obtained with all
cyclodextrin derivatives, particularly with most lipophilic ones. Solid lipid nanoparticles act as a protection to bioactive molecules.
To explore this unique feature of solid lipid nanoparticles, Carlotti et al. (2012)
evaluated the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles as a protective carrier of resveratrol, against photosensitivity. A notable decline in photodegradation was recorded in
drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in comparison to tetradecyl-γ-cyclodextrin.
Moreover, significant in vitro skin accumulation and an enhanced antioxidative efficacy were also observed in resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles.
Spada et al. (2012) formed diclofenac sodium-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles
composed of different ratios of Compritol AT088 and 2-hydroxypropyl-βA. Pandey
gemcitabine. Solid lipid nanoparticles represent an alternative carrier system to conventional colloidal carriers due to their specific features such as the use of natural
fabrication components, size and related narrow distribution, enhanced stability,
and increased permeation through biological barriers. Additionally, increased solubility, biocompatibility, ease of manufacture, and different possible administration
routes enable solid lipid nanoparticles a frontline drug delivery system.
Skiba et al. (1993) first proposed the concept of employing cyclodextrin in the
solid nanoparticulate system and filed a patent for this invention. This invention
described the development and application of a novel cyclodextrin-based dispersible
colloidal system in the form of spherical particles of matrix type with size ranging
from 90 to 900 nm (nanospheres), which might contain an active pharmaceutical
ingredient. This nanoparticulate system was used as a carrier for numerous pharmaceuticals and cosmetic agents.
Similarly, Cavalli et al. (1999) developed inclusion complexes of hydrocortisone
and progesterone with β-cyclodextrin or 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin to modulate
the release kinetics. The inclusion complexes were incorporated into two types of
solid lipid nanoparticles. The results showed that using the β-cyclodextrin complexes,
the incorporation of the more hydrophilic drug, hydrocortisone, was higher than that
of progesterone. The release of hydrocortisone and progesterone from solid lipid
nanoparticles was lower when they were incorporated as inclusion complexes than as
free molecules. To study the morphology of cyclodextrin-based solid lipid nanoparticles, Dubes et al. (2003) have performed scanning electron microscopy and atomic
force microscopy for the imagery of solid lipid nanoparticles developed from an
amphiphilic cyclodextrin, 2,3-di-o-alkanoyl-β-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin 21C6.
The results of the study reveal that the vacuum drying technique used in sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy causes shrinkage in the size of the solid lipid
nanoparticles, whereas the deposition method used for atomic force microscopy produces small clusters of solid lipid nanoparticles.
Chirio et al. (2011) formulated solid lipid nanoparticles of curcumin, composed
of different triglycerides with or without various modified α- and γ-cyclodextrins.
The synthesized nanoparticles showed significant entrapment efficiency, improved
hydrolytic stability, and a notable reduction in curcumin photodegradation when the
drug was incorporated in tristearin solid lipid nanoparticles. Moreover, the results of
the skin uptake study displayed an improvement in curcumin skin accumulation
when curcumin was incorporated in solid lipid nanoparticles obtained with all
cyclodextrin derivatives, particularly with most lipophilic ones. Solid lipid nanoparticles act as a protection to bioactive molecules.
To explore this unique feature of solid lipid nanoparticles, Carlotti et al. (2012)
evaluated the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles as a protective carrier of resveratrol, against photosensitivity. A notable decline in photodegradation was recorded in
drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in comparison to tetradecyl-γ-cyclodextrin.
Moreover, significant in vitro skin accumulation and an enhanced antioxidative efficacy were also observed in resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles.
Spada et al. (2012) formed diclofenac sodium-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles
composed of different ratios of Compritol AT088 and 2-hydroxypropyl-βA. Pandey