290
produce cyclodextrin nanogels, but their direct synthesis by polymerization of
cyclodextrin monomers is more rare (Moya-Ortega et al. 2012).
Another interesting method of producing nanogels was designed by Gref et al.
(2006) and consists on supramolecular nanoassemblies between a cyclodextrinepichlorohydrin polymer and an alkyl-grafted dextran. Other potential uses of
cyclodextrins as “smart” components of polymer nanoparticles were reviewed by
Gref and Duchêne (2012), including nanoparticles made of cyclodextrin-based
copolymers using various polyesters and polypeptides prepared in the 2000s. In the
field of drug delivery, cyclodextrins had already been added in their monomeric
form to improve the drug-loading capacity of polymeric nanoparticles, but the use
of cyclodextrin polymers opened new perspectives. Thus, a variety of cyclodextrinbased architectures (linear, dendrimers, stars, polyrotaxanes) were used in the preparation of polycomplexes for gene delivery (Mellet et al. 2011). In 1997,
β-cyclodextrin was attached to dendrimer poly(ethyleneimines) (Suh et al. 1997).
Two years later, linear cationic alternate copolymers capable of binding deoxyribonucleic acid with transfection efficiency were prepared by the group of Mark
E. Davis (Gonzalez et al. 1999). Later on, Choi et al. (2005) prepared polyplexes
grafting cyclodextrin to poly-L-lysine instead of using poly(ethyleneimine). Besides
the aforementioned cyclodextrin-coated dendrimers, cyclodextrin-centered dendrimers (i.e., star-shaped), polyrotaxanes, and polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrins also present many interesting capabilities in the field of gene delivery, but, as
mentioned above, those architectures are not the subject of this review.
Electrospun nanofibers have been used as drug delivery materials due to their
high specific area, and, obviously, various formulations including cyclodextrins
have been tested in the last 5 years (Costoya et al. 2017). Cyclodextrin polymers
have been also explored as components of electrospun nanofibers very recently,
firstly by mixing cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin polymers with poly(methacrylic
acid) inter-cross-linked at high temperature to render them insoluble in water
(Oliveira et al. 2015). Nevertheless, the design of electrospinnable cyclodextrin
polymers should be still improved.
6.3 Applications in the Food and Pharmaceutical Areas
6.3.1 Cyclodextrin Polymers in Food Science
In the food industry, cyclodextrins have been studied for different applications as
sorption/release agents or, more recently, for packaging purposes. Many of these
involve the use single cyclodextrins incorporated into different types of products as
fibers (Celebioglu et al. 2018) or films (Plackett et al. 2006). Cross-linked cyclodextrins were firstly proposed for food-related applications as early as the 1960s with
the patent of Bucker et al. One of the possible applications of those novel materials
was related to their suitability as agents for concentration of organic molecules such
M. Petitjean et al.
produce cyclodextrin nanogels, but their direct synthesis by polymerization of
cyclodextrin monomers is more rare (Moya-Ortega et al. 2012).
Another interesting method of producing nanogels was designed by Gref et al.
(2006) and consists on supramolecular nanoassemblies between a cyclodextrinepichlorohydrin polymer and an alkyl-grafted dextran. Other potential uses of
cyclodextrins as “smart” components of polymer nanoparticles were reviewed by
Gref and Duchêne (2012), including nanoparticles made of cyclodextrin-based
copolymers using various polyesters and polypeptides prepared in the 2000s. In the
field of drug delivery, cyclodextrins had already been added in their monomeric
form to improve the drug-loading capacity of polymeric nanoparticles, but the use
of cyclodextrin polymers opened new perspectives. Thus, a variety of cyclodextrinbased architectures (linear, dendrimers, stars, polyrotaxanes) were used in the preparation of polycomplexes for gene delivery (Mellet et al. 2011). In 1997,
β-cyclodextrin was attached to dendrimer poly(ethyleneimines) (Suh et al. 1997).
Two years later, linear cationic alternate copolymers capable of binding deoxyribonucleic acid with transfection efficiency were prepared by the group of Mark
E. Davis (Gonzalez et al. 1999). Later on, Choi et al. (2005) prepared polyplexes
grafting cyclodextrin to poly-L-lysine instead of using poly(ethyleneimine). Besides
the aforementioned cyclodextrin-coated dendrimers, cyclodextrin-centered dendrimers (i.e., star-shaped), polyrotaxanes, and polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrins also present many interesting capabilities in the field of gene delivery, but, as
mentioned above, those architectures are not the subject of this review.
Electrospun nanofibers have been used as drug delivery materials due to their
high specific area, and, obviously, various formulations including cyclodextrins
have been tested in the last 5 years (Costoya et al. 2017). Cyclodextrin polymers
have been also explored as components of electrospun nanofibers very recently,
firstly by mixing cyclodextrin-epichlorohydrin polymers with poly(methacrylic
acid) inter-cross-linked at high temperature to render them insoluble in water
(Oliveira et al. 2015). Nevertheless, the design of electrospinnable cyclodextrin
polymers should be still improved.
6.3 Applications in the Food and Pharmaceutical Areas
6.3.1 Cyclodextrin Polymers in Food Science
In the food industry, cyclodextrins have been studied for different applications as
sorption/release agents or, more recently, for packaging purposes. Many of these
involve the use single cyclodextrins incorporated into different types of products as
fibers (Celebioglu et al. 2018) or films (Plackett et al. 2006). Cross-linked cyclodextrins were firstly proposed for food-related applications as early as the 1960s with
the patent of Bucker et al. One of the possible applications of those novel materials
was related to their suitability as agents for concentration of organic molecules such
M. Petitjean et al.