235
14
Constrained Autonomy
for a Better Human–
Automation Interface
Ø. J. Rødseth
SINTEF Ocean
SHIP AUTONOMY AND HUMAN CONTROL
The concept of autonomous or uncrewed ships is not new. Japan investigated remote
control of ships in the “ Highly reliable intelligent ship” project from 1982 to 1988
( Hasegawa 2004). The rocket launching platform L/P Odyssey, classified as a mobile
offshore unit ( MOU), was remotely controlled during the launch phase. Thus, it operated as a de facto uncrewed ship in international waters from 1999 to 2014 ( Tass
2018). The first l arge-scale study on uncrewed and autonomous merchant ships was
the EU project MUNIN, running from 2012 to 2015 ( Rødseth & Burmeister 2012).
Since then, there has been a steady increase in new investigations and concept studies. M/ S Yara Birkeland is probably the best known and is at the time of writing
planned to operate autonomously and uncrewed from 2022 ( Yara 2018). A major
benefit of ship autonomy is that the ship can be uncrewed, although uncrewed operation can also be achieved through remote control as for L/P Odyssey. Uncrewed ships
save capital cost when removing the living quarters and life support systems from
the ship; it can save crew cost and it allows new and innovative designs of the ship
(Rødseth 2018).
The word autonomy comes from the Greek roots autos, “ self,” and nomos, “ law,” and
literally means the freedom to make one’s own laws. For an autonomous mobile robotic
CONTENTS
Ship Autonomy and Human Control
235
......................................................................
Constrained Autonomy in the Literature
236
................................................................
Automation, Autonomy, Response Time and Deadline
236
.........................................
Sensemaking and Trust in Automation
238
..................................................................
The Operational Envelope
239
......................................................................................
The Operational Envelope as a State Space
240
...........................................................
The Plan State Space and the System Response Deadline
243
....................................
Constrained Autonomy
244
..........................................................................................
Summary and Conclusions
246
....................................................................................
References
247
..............................................................................................................
14
Constrained Autonomy
for a Better Human–
Automation Interface
Ø. J. Rødseth
SINTEF Ocean
SHIP AUTONOMY AND HUMAN CONTROL
The concept of autonomous or uncrewed ships is not new. Japan investigated remote
control of ships in the “ Highly reliable intelligent ship” project from 1982 to 1988
( Hasegawa 2004). The rocket launching platform L/P Odyssey, classified as a mobile
offshore unit ( MOU), was remotely controlled during the launch phase. Thus, it operated as a de facto uncrewed ship in international waters from 1999 to 2014 ( Tass
2018). The first l arge-scale study on uncrewed and autonomous merchant ships was
the EU project MUNIN, running from 2012 to 2015 ( Rødseth & Burmeister 2012).
Since then, there has been a steady increase in new investigations and concept studies. M/ S Yara Birkeland is probably the best known and is at the time of writing
planned to operate autonomously and uncrewed from 2022 ( Yara 2018). A major
benefit of ship autonomy is that the ship can be uncrewed, although uncrewed operation can also be achieved through remote control as for L/P Odyssey. Uncrewed ships
save capital cost when removing the living quarters and life support systems from
the ship; it can save crew cost and it allows new and innovative designs of the ship
(Rødseth 2018).
The word autonomy comes from the Greek roots autos, “ self,” and nomos, “ law,” and
literally means the freedom to make one’s own laws. For an autonomous mobile robotic
CONTENTS
Ship Autonomy and Human Control
235
......................................................................
Constrained Autonomy in the Literature
236
................................................................
Automation, Autonomy, Response Time and Deadline
236
.........................................
Sensemaking and Trust in Automation
238
..................................................................
The Operational Envelope
239
......................................................................................
The Operational Envelope as a State Space
240
...........................................................
The Plan State Space and the System Response Deadline
243
....................................
Constrained Autonomy
244
..........................................................................................
Summary and Conclusions
246
....................................................................................
References
247
..............................................................................................................