147
Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation
The trend in recent years has been to expand the pipeline system into marine environments
where the pipeline is actually under a body of water. This has arisen mainly because of the tendency
for petroleum and natural gas companies to expand their exploration programs to the sea. Lines are
now laid in marine locations where depths exceed 500 ft and cover distances of several hundred
miles to the shore. Excellent examples of such operations include the drilling operations in the
Texas gulf and in the North Sea.
One early concern with the laying of pipelines under a body of water arose because of the
buoyancy of the pipe and the subsequent need to place the pipe in a permanent position on the
floor of the lake bed or sea bed. In such instances, the negative buoyancy of the pipe can be
overcome by the use of a weighted coating (e.g., concrete) on the pipe. Other factors such as
laying the pipe without too much stress (which would otherwise induce a delayed rupture), as
well as the anchoring and positioning of the pipe on the seabed, are major issues that need to
be addressed.
REFERENCES
Ballard, J.R., Lanfranchi, E.E., and Vanags, P.A. 1976. Towards an estimate of World heavy oil reserves.
Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting Petroleum Society, Canadian Institute of Mining, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, June 7–11.
Borchardt, J.K. and Yen, T.F. 1989. Oil-field chemistry: Enhanced recovery and production stimulation.
In Oil Field Chemistry. Symposium Series No. 396, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC,
pp. 27–39.
Burger, J.G. 1978. In situ recovery of oil from oil sands. In Developments in Petroleum Science, No. 7,
Bitumens, Asphalts and Tar Sands, G.V. Chilingarian and T.F. Yen (Eds.). Elsevier, New York, p. 191.
Calange, S., Ruffier-Meray, V., and Béhar, E. 1997. Onset of crystallization temperature and deposit amount
for waxy crudes: Experimental determinations and thermodynamic modeling. Paper No. SPE 37239.
Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, February 18–21.
Chung, T.-H. 1992. Thermodynamic modeling for organic solids precipitation. Paper No. SPE 24851.
Proceedings of the 67th Annual Technical Conference, Washington, DC, October 4–7.
Considine, D.M. 1977. Energy Technology Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Craft, B.C. and Hawkins, M.F. 1959. Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering. Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ.
Demaison, G.J. 1977. In Tar Sand and Super-Giant Oil Fields. The Oil Sands of Canada-Venezuela,
D.A. Redford and A.G. Winestock (Eds.). Special Volume No. 17. Canadian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, p. 9.
Deo, M.D., Miharia, A., and Kumar, R. 1995. Solids precipitation in reservoirs due to non-isothermal injections. Paper No. 28967. San Antonio, TX, February 14–17.
Dietz, D.N. and Weijdema, L. 1968. Wet and partially quenched combustion. Producers Monthly 32(5): 10.
Dreher, K.D. and Gogarty, W.B. 1979. An overview of mobility control in micellar-polymer enhanced oil
recovery processes. Journal of Rheology 23(2): 209–229.
Erickson, D.D., Nielsen, V.G., and Brown, T.S. 1993. Thermodynamic measurement and prediction of paraffin
precipitation in crude oil. Paper No. SPE 26604. Proceedings of the 68th Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition, Houston, TX, October 3–6.
Forbes, R.I. 1958. A History of Technology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Frick, T.C. 1962. Petroleum Production Handbook. Volume II. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Gogarty, W.B. 1976. Status of surfactant or micellar methods. Journal of Petroleum Technology 28: 93–102.
Hertzberg, R., Hojabri, F., and Ellefson, L. 1983. Preprint No. 35e. Summer National Meeting. American
Institute of Chemical Engineers. Denver, CO, August 28–31.
Hobson, G.D. and Tiratsoo, E.N. 1975. Introduction to Petroleum Geology. Scientific Press, Beaconsfield, U.K.
Kamath, V.A., Kakade, M.G., and Sharma, G.D. 1994. An improved molecular thermodynamic model for
asphaltene equilibria. In Asphaltene Particles in Fossil Fuel Exploration, Recovery, Refining, and
Production Processes, M.K. Sharma and T.F. Yen (Eds.). Plenum Press, New York.
Landes, K.K. 1959. Petroleum Geology. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Leontaritis, K.J. 1989. Asphaltene deposition: A comprehensive description of the problem, manifestations, and
modeling approaches. Paper No. SPE 18892. Proceedings of the Symposium on Production Operations,
Oklahoma City, OK, March 13–14.
Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation
The trend in recent years has been to expand the pipeline system into marine environments
where the pipeline is actually under a body of water. This has arisen mainly because of the tendency
for petroleum and natural gas companies to expand their exploration programs to the sea. Lines are
now laid in marine locations where depths exceed 500 ft and cover distances of several hundred
miles to the shore. Excellent examples of such operations include the drilling operations in the
Texas gulf and in the North Sea.
One early concern with the laying of pipelines under a body of water arose because of the
buoyancy of the pipe and the subsequent need to place the pipe in a permanent position on the
floor of the lake bed or sea bed. In such instances, the negative buoyancy of the pipe can be
overcome by the use of a weighted coating (e.g., concrete) on the pipe. Other factors such as
laying the pipe without too much stress (which would otherwise induce a delayed rupture), as
well as the anchoring and positioning of the pipe on the seabed, are major issues that need to
be addressed.
REFERENCES
Ballard, J.R., Lanfranchi, E.E., and Vanags, P.A. 1976. Towards an estimate of World heavy oil reserves.
Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting Petroleum Society, Canadian Institute of Mining, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, June 7–11.
Borchardt, J.K. and Yen, T.F. 1989. Oil-field chemistry: Enhanced recovery and production stimulation.
In Oil Field Chemistry. Symposium Series No. 396, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC,
pp. 27–39.
Burger, J.G. 1978. In situ recovery of oil from oil sands. In Developments in Petroleum Science, No. 7,
Bitumens, Asphalts and Tar Sands, G.V. Chilingarian and T.F. Yen (Eds.). Elsevier, New York, p. 191.
Calange, S., Ruffier-Meray, V., and Béhar, E. 1997. Onset of crystallization temperature and deposit amount
for waxy crudes: Experimental determinations and thermodynamic modeling. Paper No. SPE 37239.
Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, February 18–21.
Chung, T.-H. 1992. Thermodynamic modeling for organic solids precipitation. Paper No. SPE 24851.
Proceedings of the 67th Annual Technical Conference, Washington, DC, October 4–7.
Considine, D.M. 1977. Energy Technology Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Craft, B.C. and Hawkins, M.F. 1959. Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering. Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ.
Demaison, G.J. 1977. In Tar Sand and Super-Giant Oil Fields. The Oil Sands of Canada-Venezuela,
D.A. Redford and A.G. Winestock (Eds.). Special Volume No. 17. Canadian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, p. 9.
Deo, M.D., Miharia, A., and Kumar, R. 1995. Solids precipitation in reservoirs due to non-isothermal injections. Paper No. 28967. San Antonio, TX, February 14–17.
Dietz, D.N. and Weijdema, L. 1968. Wet and partially quenched combustion. Producers Monthly 32(5): 10.
Dreher, K.D. and Gogarty, W.B. 1979. An overview of mobility control in micellar-polymer enhanced oil
recovery processes. Journal of Rheology 23(2): 209–229.
Erickson, D.D., Nielsen, V.G., and Brown, T.S. 1993. Thermodynamic measurement and prediction of paraffin
precipitation in crude oil. Paper No. SPE 26604. Proceedings of the 68th Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition, Houston, TX, October 3–6.
Forbes, R.I. 1958. A History of Technology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Frick, T.C. 1962. Petroleum Production Handbook. Volume II. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Gogarty, W.B. 1976. Status of surfactant or micellar methods. Journal of Petroleum Technology 28: 93–102.
Hertzberg, R., Hojabri, F., and Ellefson, L. 1983. Preprint No. 35e. Summer National Meeting. American
Institute of Chemical Engineers. Denver, CO, August 28–31.
Hobson, G.D. and Tiratsoo, E.N. 1975. Introduction to Petroleum Geology. Scientific Press, Beaconsfield, U.K.
Kamath, V.A., Kakade, M.G., and Sharma, G.D. 1994. An improved molecular thermodynamic model for
asphaltene equilibria. In Asphaltene Particles in Fossil Fuel Exploration, Recovery, Refining, and
Production Processes, M.K. Sharma and T.F. Yen (Eds.). Plenum Press, New York.
Landes, K.K. 1959. Petroleum Geology. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Leontaritis, K.J. 1989. Asphaltene deposition: A comprehensive description of the problem, manifestations, and
modeling approaches. Paper No. SPE 18892. Proceedings of the Symposium on Production Operations,
Oklahoma City, OK, March 13–14.