114
8 Scaling-Up Enabling the Full Potential of Industrial …
than 40 years ago by Saracco and Arzano, who described an optimized reactor for the
hydrogenation of unsaturated oils. They demonstrated the enormous influence of the
reactor geometry on the kinetics of the reaction (Saracco and Arzano 1968). In the
90s, a major breakthrough in the industrialization of sonochemistry was found with
the introduction of new loop reactors (Harwell reactor), new cylindrical pipe reactors
and reactors with modular units combined in series (Branson Reactor) (Thompson
and Doraiswamy 1999). About the hydrodynamic cavitation, it was not until the pioneer group appears in 80–90s that a substantial development took place especially
towards industry (Hunicke 1990; Pandit and Joshi 1993; Suslick et al. 1997).
As is known, the generation of ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation effects
is suitable to provoke different types of mechanical and chemical effects. Consequently, the process intensification of cavitation phenomenon can be easily classified
between the applications requiring low energy per unit volume and those that demand
high intensity. Though the production of collapse bubbles is of different origins, in
chemical engineering, the fields of application of bubble cavitation are quite similar between those of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic origins and are often compared in
terms of yields and energy consumption. Among industrial applications of ultrasonic
and hydrodynamic processes, the treatment of wastewater and effluents is one of the
most important applications of the cavitation processes intensification. Chemical pollutants can be efficiently oxidized by the intense production of hydroxyl radicals and
hydrogen peroxide, the disintegrated microorganisms and bacteria destroyed by cell
wall disruption. Food processing and bioprocesses also include many industrial applications based on cavitation. This broad range of uses, overwhelmingly dominated
by heterogeneous sonochemistry, groups the formation of the emulsion, dispersion
of various particles or food modifications (emulsification, extraction, crystallization,
purification, etc.) (Masson et al. 2015). The cavitational assisted bioprocesses are
involved with success in transesterification of triglicerydes and free fatty acids for
biofuel production as well as enzymatic catalysis with improvements of the overall
process. Otherwise, in sonochemistry, the cavitation phenomenon can allow green
and soft synthesis conditions compared to conventional methods and consequently
reduce energy consumption.
8.2 Requirement for Industrial Applications
It is obvious for perform a scale-up operation, it is imperative to know the effect of
cavitation on the medium whether it an expected mechanical effect either sonochemical effect. In this context, the scaling-up interest of cavitational technology can be
clearly established, at laboratory scale, in terms of saving time, reaction conditions,
increasing yields and energy consumption saving (Paquin et al. 2013; Gonçalves et al.
2014; Peshkovsky and Tryak 2014; Cintas et al. 2010). For that, a thorough examination of the physico-chemical properties (viscosity, vapour pressure, dissolved gases,
presence of particles) of bulk medium as well as the transformation conditions is
necessary to hope for an effective scale-up. For this purpose, Patist and Bates (2011)
8 Scaling-Up Enabling the Full Potential of Industrial …
than 40 years ago by Saracco and Arzano, who described an optimized reactor for the
hydrogenation of unsaturated oils. They demonstrated the enormous influence of the
reactor geometry on the kinetics of the reaction (Saracco and Arzano 1968). In the
90s, a major breakthrough in the industrialization of sonochemistry was found with
the introduction of new loop reactors (Harwell reactor), new cylindrical pipe reactors
and reactors with modular units combined in series (Branson Reactor) (Thompson
and Doraiswamy 1999). About the hydrodynamic cavitation, it was not until the pioneer group appears in 80–90s that a substantial development took place especially
towards industry (Hunicke 1990; Pandit and Joshi 1993; Suslick et al. 1997).
As is known, the generation of ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation effects
is suitable to provoke different types of mechanical and chemical effects. Consequently, the process intensification of cavitation phenomenon can be easily classified
between the applications requiring low energy per unit volume and those that demand
high intensity. Though the production of collapse bubbles is of different origins, in
chemical engineering, the fields of application of bubble cavitation are quite similar between those of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic origins and are often compared in
terms of yields and energy consumption. Among industrial applications of ultrasonic
and hydrodynamic processes, the treatment of wastewater and effluents is one of the
most important applications of the cavitation processes intensification. Chemical pollutants can be efficiently oxidized by the intense production of hydroxyl radicals and
hydrogen peroxide, the disintegrated microorganisms and bacteria destroyed by cell
wall disruption. Food processing and bioprocesses also include many industrial applications based on cavitation. This broad range of uses, overwhelmingly dominated
by heterogeneous sonochemistry, groups the formation of the emulsion, dispersion
of various particles or food modifications (emulsification, extraction, crystallization,
purification, etc.) (Masson et al. 2015). The cavitational assisted bioprocesses are
involved with success in transesterification of triglicerydes and free fatty acids for
biofuel production as well as enzymatic catalysis with improvements of the overall
process. Otherwise, in sonochemistry, the cavitation phenomenon can allow green
and soft synthesis conditions compared to conventional methods and consequently
reduce energy consumption.
8.2 Requirement for Industrial Applications
It is obvious for perform a scale-up operation, it is imperative to know the effect of
cavitation on the medium whether it an expected mechanical effect either sonochemical effect. In this context, the scaling-up interest of cavitational technology can be
clearly established, at laboratory scale, in terms of saving time, reaction conditions,
increasing yields and energy consumption saving (Paquin et al. 2013; Gonçalves et al.
2014; Peshkovsky and Tryak 2014; Cintas et al. 2010). For that, a thorough examination of the physico-chemical properties (viscosity, vapour pressure, dissolved gases,
presence of particles) of bulk medium as well as the transformation conditions is
necessary to hope for an effective scale-up. For this purpose, Patist and Bates (2011)