158. Belkin S, Boussiba S (1991) Resistance of Spirulina platensis to ammonia at high pH values.
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159. Pogoryelov D, Sudhir PR, Kovacs L, Gombos Z, Brown I, Garab G (2003) Sodium dependency of the photosynthetic electron transport in the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Arthrospira
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160. Hirabayashi T, Goto T, Morimoto H, Yoshimune K, Matsyama H, Yumoto I (2012) Relationship between rates of respiratory proton extrusion and ATP synthesis in obligately
alkaliphilic Bacillus clarkii DSM 8720. J Bioenerg Biomembr 44:265–272
161. Goto T, Matsuno T, Hishinuma-Narisawa M, Yamazaki K, Matsuyama H, Inoue N, Yumoto I
(2005) Cytochrome c and bioenergetic hypothetical model for alkaliphilic Bacillus spp.
J Biosci Bioeng 100:365–379
162. Dimroth P, von Ballmoos C, Meier T (2006) Catalytic and mechanical cycles in F-ATP
synthases: fourth in the cycles review series. EMBO Rep 7:276–282
163. Hoffmann A, Dimroth P (1991) The ATPase of Bacillus alcalophilus. Reconstitution of
energy-transducing functions. Eur J Biochem 196:493–497
164. Krulwich TA (1995) Alkaliphiles: ‘basic’ molecular problems of pH tolerance and bioenergetics. Mol Microbiol 15:403–410
165. Barriuso-Iglesias M, Barreiro C, Flechoso F, Martin JF (2006) Transcriptional analysis of the
F 0 F 1 ATPase operon of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 reveals strong induction
by alkaline pH. Microbiology 152:11–21
166. Hayes ET, Wilks JC, Sanfilippo P, Yohannes E, Tate DP, Jones BD, Radmacher MD,
BonDurant SS, Slonczewski JL et al (2006) Oxygen limitation modulates pH regulation
of catabolism and hydrogenases, multidrug transporters, and envelope composition in
Escherichia coli K-12. BMC Microbiol 6:89
167. Maurer LM, Yohannes E, Bondurant SS, Radmacher M, Slonczewski JL (2005) pH regulates
genes for flagellar motility, catabolism, and oxidative stress in Escherichia coli K-12.
J Bacteriol 187:304–319
168. Kosono S, Asai K, Sadaie Y, Kudo T (2004) Altered gene expression in the transition phase by
disruption of a Na
+ /H
+ antiporter gene (shaA) in Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett
232:93–99
169. Ran S, Liu B, Jiang W, Sun Z, Liang J (2015) Transcriptome analysis of Enterococcus faecalis
in response to alkaline stress. Front Microbiol 6:795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.
00795
170. Preiss L, Hicks DB, Suzuki S, Meier T, Krulwich TA (2015) Alkaliphilic bacteria with impact
on industrial applications, concepts of early life forms, and bioenergetics of ATP synthesis.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol 3:75. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00075
171. Dong H, Fillingame RH (2010) Chemical reactivities of cysteine substitutions in subunit a of
ATP synthase define residues gating H
+ transport from each side of the membrane. J Biol
Chem 285:39811–39818
172. Arechaga I, Jones PC (2001) The rotor in the membrane of the ATP synthase and relatives.
FEBS Lett 494:1–5
173. Liu J, Fujisawa M, Hicks DB, Krulwich TA (2009) Characterization of the functionally critical
AXAXAXA and PXXEXXP motifs of the ATP synthase c-subunit from an alkaliphilic
Bacillus. J Biol Chem 284:8714–8725
174. Matsuno T, Yumoto I (2015) Bioenergetics and the role of soluble cytochromes c for alkaline
adaptation in Gram-negative alkaliphilic Pseudomonas. Biomed Res Int 2015:847945. https://
doi.org/10.1155/2015/847945
175. Hicks DB, Krulwich TA (1995) The respiratory chain of alkaliphilic bacteria. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1229:303–314
176. Muntyan MS, Bloch DA (2008) Study of redox potential in cytochrome c covalently bound to
terminal oxidase of alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus FTU. Biochemistry (Mosc) 73:107–111
Challenges and Adaptations of Life in Alkaline Habitats
129
Plant Cell Physiol 32:953–958
159. Pogoryelov D, Sudhir PR, Kovacs L, Gombos Z, Brown I, Garab G (2003) Sodium dependency of the photosynthetic electron transport in the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Arthrospira
platensis. J Bioenerg Biomembr 35:427–437
160. Hirabayashi T, Goto T, Morimoto H, Yoshimune K, Matsyama H, Yumoto I (2012) Relationship between rates of respiratory proton extrusion and ATP synthesis in obligately
alkaliphilic Bacillus clarkii DSM 8720. J Bioenerg Biomembr 44:265–272
161. Goto T, Matsuno T, Hishinuma-Narisawa M, Yamazaki K, Matsuyama H, Inoue N, Yumoto I
(2005) Cytochrome c and bioenergetic hypothetical model for alkaliphilic Bacillus spp.
J Biosci Bioeng 100:365–379
162. Dimroth P, von Ballmoos C, Meier T (2006) Catalytic and mechanical cycles in F-ATP
synthases: fourth in the cycles review series. EMBO Rep 7:276–282
163. Hoffmann A, Dimroth P (1991) The ATPase of Bacillus alcalophilus. Reconstitution of
energy-transducing functions. Eur J Biochem 196:493–497
164. Krulwich TA (1995) Alkaliphiles: ‘basic’ molecular problems of pH tolerance and bioenergetics. Mol Microbiol 15:403–410
165. Barriuso-Iglesias M, Barreiro C, Flechoso F, Martin JF (2006) Transcriptional analysis of the
F 0 F 1 ATPase operon of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 reveals strong induction
by alkaline pH. Microbiology 152:11–21
166. Hayes ET, Wilks JC, Sanfilippo P, Yohannes E, Tate DP, Jones BD, Radmacher MD,
BonDurant SS, Slonczewski JL et al (2006) Oxygen limitation modulates pH regulation
of catabolism and hydrogenases, multidrug transporters, and envelope composition in
Escherichia coli K-12. BMC Microbiol 6:89
167. Maurer LM, Yohannes E, Bondurant SS, Radmacher M, Slonczewski JL (2005) pH regulates
genes for flagellar motility, catabolism, and oxidative stress in Escherichia coli K-12.
J Bacteriol 187:304–319
168. Kosono S, Asai K, Sadaie Y, Kudo T (2004) Altered gene expression in the transition phase by
disruption of a Na
+ /H
+ antiporter gene (shaA) in Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett
232:93–99
169. Ran S, Liu B, Jiang W, Sun Z, Liang J (2015) Transcriptome analysis of Enterococcus faecalis
in response to alkaline stress. Front Microbiol 6:795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.
00795
170. Preiss L, Hicks DB, Suzuki S, Meier T, Krulwich TA (2015) Alkaliphilic bacteria with impact
on industrial applications, concepts of early life forms, and bioenergetics of ATP synthesis.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol 3:75. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00075
171. Dong H, Fillingame RH (2010) Chemical reactivities of cysteine substitutions in subunit a of
ATP synthase define residues gating H
+ transport from each side of the membrane. J Biol
Chem 285:39811–39818
172. Arechaga I, Jones PC (2001) The rotor in the membrane of the ATP synthase and relatives.
FEBS Lett 494:1–5
173. Liu J, Fujisawa M, Hicks DB, Krulwich TA (2009) Characterization of the functionally critical
AXAXAXA and PXXEXXP motifs of the ATP synthase c-subunit from an alkaliphilic
Bacillus. J Biol Chem 284:8714–8725
174. Matsuno T, Yumoto I (2015) Bioenergetics and the role of soluble cytochromes c for alkaline
adaptation in Gram-negative alkaliphilic Pseudomonas. Biomed Res Int 2015:847945. https://
doi.org/10.1155/2015/847945
175. Hicks DB, Krulwich TA (1995) The respiratory chain of alkaliphilic bacteria. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1229:303–314
176. Muntyan MS, Bloch DA (2008) Study of redox potential in cytochrome c covalently bound to
terminal oxidase of alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus FTU. Biochemistry (Mosc) 73:107–111
Challenges and Adaptations of Life in Alkaline Habitats
129