116. Aono R (1985) Isolation and partial characterization of structural components of the walls of
alkalophilic Bacillus strain C-125. J Gen Microbiol 131:105–111
117. Ito M, Aono R (2002) Decrease in cytoplasmic pH-homeostastatic activity of the alkaliphile
Bacillus lentus C-125 by a cell wall defect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:218–220
118. Corsaro MM, Gambacorta A, Iadonisi A, Lanzetta R, Naldi T, Nicolaus B et al (2006)
Structural determination of the O-chain polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of the
haloalkaliphilic Halomonas pantelleriensis bacterium. Eur J Org Chem 2006:1801–1808
119. Silipo A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, de Castro C, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M et al (2004) Structure
elucidation of the highly heterogeneous lipid A from the lipopolysaccharide of the Gramnegative extremophile bacterium Halomonas Magadiensis strain 21 M1. Eur J Org Chem
2004:2263–2271
120. Messner P, Schäffer C (2003) Prokaryotic glycoproteins. In: Herz W, Falk H, Kirby GW (eds)
Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products, vol 85. Springer, Wien, pp 51–124
121. Sleytr UB, Sara M, Pum D, Schuster B, Messner P, Schäffer C (2002) Self-assembly protein
systems: microbial slayers. In: Steinbuchel A, Fahnestock SR (eds) Biopolymers, polyamides
and complex proteinaceous matrices I, vol 7. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 285–338
122. Schäffer C, Messner P (2005) The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Grampositive bacteria stick their cell walls together. Microbiology 151:643–651
123. Fujinami S, Ito M (2018) The surface layer homology domain-containing proteins of
alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 play an important role in alkaline adaptation via
peptidoglycan synthesis. Front Microbiol 9:810. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00810
124. Janto B, Ahmed A, Ito M, Liu J, Hicks DB, Pagni S et al (2011) The genome of alkaliphilic
Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 reveals adaptations that support the ability to grow in an external
pH range from 7.5 to 11.4. Environ Microbiol 13:3289–3309
125. Krulwich TA, Ito M (2013) Prokaryotic alkaliphiles. In: Rosenberg E (ed) The prokaryotes,
4th edn. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 441–470
126. Sara M, Sleytr UB (2000) S-layer proteins: minireview. Microbiology 51:349–355
127. Yumoto I, Yamazaki K, Hishinuma M, Nodasaka Y, Suemori A, Nakajima K et al (2001)
Pseudomonas alcaliphila sp. nov., a novel facultatively psychrophilic alkaliphile isolated from
seawater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:349–355
128. Clejan S, Krulwich TA, Mondrus KR, Seto-Young D (1986) Membrane lipid composition of
obligately and facultatively alkalophilic strains of Bacillus spp. J Bacteriol 168:334–340
129. Bodnaruk PW, Golden DA (1996) Influence of pH and incubation temperature on fatty acid
composition and virulence factors of Yersinia enterocolitica. Food Microbiol 13:17–22
130. Banciu H, Sorokin DY, Rijpstra WIC, Damste JSS, Galinski EA, Takaichi S et al (2005) Fatty
acid, compatible solute and pigment composition of obligately chemolithoautotrophic
alkaliphilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soda lakes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 243:181–187
131. Dunkley EA, Guffanti AA, Clejan S, Krulwich TA (1991) Facultative alkaliphiles lack fatty
acid desaturase activity and lose the ability to grow at near-neutral pH when supplemented
with an unsaturated fatty acid. J Bacteriol 173:1331–1334
132. Aono R, Kaneko H, Horikoshi K (1996) Alkaline growth pH-dependent increase of respiratory
and NADH-oxidation activities of the facultatively alkaliphilic strain Bacillus lentus C-125.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60:1243–1247
133. Hicks DB, Plass RJ, Quirk PG (1991) Evidence for multiple terminal oxidases, including
cytochrome d, in facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4. J Bacteriol 173:5010–5016
134. Nishihara M, Morii H, Koga Y (1982) Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in alkalophilic bacteria. J Biochem 92:1469–1479
135. Hauß T, Dante S, Dencher NA, Haines TH (2002) Squalane is in the midplane of the lipid
bilayer: implications for its function as a proton permeability barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta
1556:149–154
136. Haines TH (2001) Do sterols reduce proton and sodium leaks through lipid bilayers? Prog
Lipid Res 40:299–324
Challenges and Adaptations of Life in Alkaline Habitats
127
alkalophilic Bacillus strain C-125. J Gen Microbiol 131:105–111
117. Ito M, Aono R (2002) Decrease in cytoplasmic pH-homeostastatic activity of the alkaliphile
Bacillus lentus C-125 by a cell wall defect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:218–220
118. Corsaro MM, Gambacorta A, Iadonisi A, Lanzetta R, Naldi T, Nicolaus B et al (2006)
Structural determination of the O-chain polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of the
haloalkaliphilic Halomonas pantelleriensis bacterium. Eur J Org Chem 2006:1801–1808
119. Silipo A, Sturiale L, Garozzo D, de Castro C, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M et al (2004) Structure
elucidation of the highly heterogeneous lipid A from the lipopolysaccharide of the Gramnegative extremophile bacterium Halomonas Magadiensis strain 21 M1. Eur J Org Chem
2004:2263–2271
120. Messner P, Schäffer C (2003) Prokaryotic glycoproteins. In: Herz W, Falk H, Kirby GW (eds)
Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products, vol 85. Springer, Wien, pp 51–124
121. Sleytr UB, Sara M, Pum D, Schuster B, Messner P, Schäffer C (2002) Self-assembly protein
systems: microbial slayers. In: Steinbuchel A, Fahnestock SR (eds) Biopolymers, polyamides
and complex proteinaceous matrices I, vol 7. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 285–338
122. Schäffer C, Messner P (2005) The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Grampositive bacteria stick their cell walls together. Microbiology 151:643–651
123. Fujinami S, Ito M (2018) The surface layer homology domain-containing proteins of
alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 play an important role in alkaline adaptation via
peptidoglycan synthesis. Front Microbiol 9:810. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00810
124. Janto B, Ahmed A, Ito M, Liu J, Hicks DB, Pagni S et al (2011) The genome of alkaliphilic
Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 reveals adaptations that support the ability to grow in an external
pH range from 7.5 to 11.4. Environ Microbiol 13:3289–3309
125. Krulwich TA, Ito M (2013) Prokaryotic alkaliphiles. In: Rosenberg E (ed) The prokaryotes,
4th edn. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 441–470
126. Sara M, Sleytr UB (2000) S-layer proteins: minireview. Microbiology 51:349–355
127. Yumoto I, Yamazaki K, Hishinuma M, Nodasaka Y, Suemori A, Nakajima K et al (2001)
Pseudomonas alcaliphila sp. nov., a novel facultatively psychrophilic alkaliphile isolated from
seawater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:349–355
128. Clejan S, Krulwich TA, Mondrus KR, Seto-Young D (1986) Membrane lipid composition of
obligately and facultatively alkalophilic strains of Bacillus spp. J Bacteriol 168:334–340
129. Bodnaruk PW, Golden DA (1996) Influence of pH and incubation temperature on fatty acid
composition and virulence factors of Yersinia enterocolitica. Food Microbiol 13:17–22
130. Banciu H, Sorokin DY, Rijpstra WIC, Damste JSS, Galinski EA, Takaichi S et al (2005) Fatty
acid, compatible solute and pigment composition of obligately chemolithoautotrophic
alkaliphilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from soda lakes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 243:181–187
131. Dunkley EA, Guffanti AA, Clejan S, Krulwich TA (1991) Facultative alkaliphiles lack fatty
acid desaturase activity and lose the ability to grow at near-neutral pH when supplemented
with an unsaturated fatty acid. J Bacteriol 173:1331–1334
132. Aono R, Kaneko H, Horikoshi K (1996) Alkaline growth pH-dependent increase of respiratory
and NADH-oxidation activities of the facultatively alkaliphilic strain Bacillus lentus C-125.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60:1243–1247
133. Hicks DB, Plass RJ, Quirk PG (1991) Evidence for multiple terminal oxidases, including
cytochrome d, in facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4. J Bacteriol 173:5010–5016
134. Nishihara M, Morii H, Koga Y (1982) Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate in alkalophilic bacteria. J Biochem 92:1469–1479
135. Hauß T, Dante S, Dencher NA, Haines TH (2002) Squalane is in the midplane of the lipid
bilayer: implications for its function as a proton permeability barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta
1556:149–154
136. Haines TH (2001) Do sterols reduce proton and sodium leaks through lipid bilayers? Prog
Lipid Res 40:299–324
Challenges and Adaptations of Life in Alkaline Habitats
127