viii CONTENTS
7.3 Refining and The Markets
205
7.4 Profitability
211
7.5 References
212
8 Oil Supply
215
8.1 Physical Factors
216
8.2 Technological Factors
220
8.3 Economic Factors
223
8.4 Geopolitical Factors
228
8.5 Peak Oil
231
8.5.1 Peak Oil Theory
231
8.5.2 Effects and Consequences of Peak Oil
235
8.6 The Impact of Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen
237
8.7 References
242
9 The Future
245
9.1 Undiscovered Oil
249
9.2 Coal
252
9.3 Oil Shale
255
9.4 Liquids from Biomass
260
9.5 Energy Independence
264
9.6 Energy Security
270
9.7 References
275
Conversion Factors
281
Glossary
283
Index
311