THE FUTURE
275
the feedstock and maintain emissions within environmental compliance (Penning, 2001; Lerner, 2002; Davis and Patel, 2004; Speight,
2008; Speight, 2011).
To meet the challenges from changing restructured over the
years from simple crude trends in product slate and the stringent
distillation operations into increasingly specifications imposed by
environmental complex chemical operations involving legislation,
the refining industry in the near transformation of crude oil into
a variety of future will become increasingly flexible and refined
products with specifications that meet innovative with new processing schemes, users requirements.
During the next 20 to 30 years, the evolution future of petroleum
refining and the current refinery layout will be primarily on process modification with some new innovations coming on-stream.
The industry will move predictably on to deep conversion of heavy
feedstocks, higher hydrocracking and hydrotreating capacity, and
more efficient processes.
High conversion refineries will move to gasification of feedstocks
for the development of alternative fuels and to enhance equipment
usage. A major trend in the refining industry market demand for
refined products will be in synthesizing fuels from simple basic
reactants (e.g. synthesis gas) when it becomes uneconomical to produce super clean transportation fuels through conventional refining processes. Fischer-Tropsch plants together with IGCC systems
will be integrated with, or even into refineries, which will offer the
advantage of high quality products.
In summary, the petroleum industry is indeed at the verge of a
major decision period with the onset of processing high volumes
of heavy crude oil and residua. Several technology breakthroughs
have made this possible, but many technical challenges remain and
some are being met, including the production of fuels derived from
sources other than petroleum (Speight, 2008; Heygaard Michaelsen
et al, 2009; Luce, 2009; Spewight, 2011).
9.7 References
Anderson, L.L., and Tillman, D.A. 1979. Synthetic Fuels from Coal:
Overview and Assessment. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Andrews, A. 2006. Oil Shale: History, Incentives, and Policy. Specialist,
Industrial Engineering and Infrastructure Policy Resources, Science,
275
the feedstock and maintain emissions within environmental compliance (Penning, 2001; Lerner, 2002; Davis and Patel, 2004; Speight,
2008; Speight, 2011).
To meet the challenges from changing restructured over the
years from simple crude trends in product slate and the stringent
distillation operations into increasingly specifications imposed by
environmental complex chemical operations involving legislation,
the refining industry in the near transformation of crude oil into
a variety of future will become increasingly flexible and refined
products with specifications that meet innovative with new processing schemes, users requirements.
During the next 20 to 30 years, the evolution future of petroleum
refining and the current refinery layout will be primarily on process modification with some new innovations coming on-stream.
The industry will move predictably on to deep conversion of heavy
feedstocks, higher hydrocracking and hydrotreating capacity, and
more efficient processes.
High conversion refineries will move to gasification of feedstocks
for the development of alternative fuels and to enhance equipment
usage. A major trend in the refining industry market demand for
refined products will be in synthesizing fuels from simple basic
reactants (e.g. synthesis gas) when it becomes uneconomical to produce super clean transportation fuels through conventional refining processes. Fischer-Tropsch plants together with IGCC systems
will be integrated with, or even into refineries, which will offer the
advantage of high quality products.
In summary, the petroleum industry is indeed at the verge of a
major decision period with the onset of processing high volumes
of heavy crude oil and residua. Several technology breakthroughs
have made this possible, but many technical challenges remain and
some are being met, including the production of fuels derived from
sources other than petroleum (Speight, 2008; Heygaard Michaelsen
et al, 2009; Luce, 2009; Spewight, 2011).
9.7 References
Anderson, L.L., and Tillman, D.A. 1979. Synthetic Fuels from Coal:
Overview and Assessment. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Andrews, A. 2006. Oil Shale: History, Incentives, and Policy. Specialist,
Industrial Engineering and Infrastructure Policy Resources, Science,