Dimerization of Propylene and Butenes, Separately or Combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Axens’ Polynaphtha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Specialty Oligomerization Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Catalyst Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Abstract
Catalytic olefin condensation is the reaction of two or more olefinic compounds
to form a heavier olefinic product. Several acid catalyst are used including solid
phosphoric acid, organometallic catalysts, silica alumina, zeolites, and sulfonic
acid resins. The primary application is to produce high octane gasoline from
propene, butenes, or pentenes and more recently to produce distillates. Petrochemical operations include the production of 1-butene, heptenes, nonenes,
cumene and ethylbenzene.
Keywords
Dimerization • Oligomerization • Catalytic condensation • InAlk
TM •
Dimersol
TM • PolyNaphtha
TM • Alphabutol
TM • Polymer gasoline • Codimers •
Heptenes • Nonenes • Cumene • Isopropylbenzene • Ethylbenzene • Solid
phosphoric acid (SPA) • Organometallic catalysts • Silica alumina • Zeolites •
Sulfonic acid resins
Introduction
Catalytic olefin condensation refers in general to the reaction of one molecule of an
olefin with one or more molecules of the same olefin or of other olefins to yield
heavier olefinic compounds. The term “condensation” reflects the fact that liquid
products are obtained from gaseous olefins.
Olefin condensation is in some ways similar to motor fuel alkylation, except that
alkylation is the reaction of an olefin with an isoparaffin to yield a paraffinic
compound. The key difference of olefin condensation is that the products are
olefinic, but may be later hydrogenated in order to meet the requirements and
specifications of the end products.
Olefin condensation can be carried out in many ways and over a diversity of
catalysts. The common characteristic is that olefin condensation takes place over
acid catalysts. These catalysts include solid phosphoric acid (SPA), liquid acids,
organometallic catalysts, silica alumina, zeolites, sulfonic acid resins, etc.
Although olefin condensation finds broad application in petroleum
refinery refining applications for motor fuels, it is also used in petrochemical
applications (often combined with refinery operations) as, for instance, in the
production of heptenes, nonenes, and dodecenes and for the production of
alkylaromatic derivatives. In fact, some of the same catalysts (e.g., SPA) can also
458
R.L. Mehlberg et al.
Axens’ Polynaphtha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Specialty Oligomerization Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Catalyst Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Abstract
Catalytic olefin condensation is the reaction of two or more olefinic compounds
to form a heavier olefinic product. Several acid catalyst are used including solid
phosphoric acid, organometallic catalysts, silica alumina, zeolites, and sulfonic
acid resins. The primary application is to produce high octane gasoline from
propene, butenes, or pentenes and more recently to produce distillates. Petrochemical operations include the production of 1-butene, heptenes, nonenes,
cumene and ethylbenzene.
Keywords
Dimerization • Oligomerization • Catalytic condensation • InAlk
TM •
Dimersol
TM • PolyNaphtha
TM • Alphabutol
TM • Polymer gasoline • Codimers •
Heptenes • Nonenes • Cumene • Isopropylbenzene • Ethylbenzene • Solid
phosphoric acid (SPA) • Organometallic catalysts • Silica alumina • Zeolites •
Sulfonic acid resins
Introduction
Catalytic olefin condensation refers in general to the reaction of one molecule of an
olefin with one or more molecules of the same olefin or of other olefins to yield
heavier olefinic compounds. The term “condensation” reflects the fact that liquid
products are obtained from gaseous olefins.
Olefin condensation is in some ways similar to motor fuel alkylation, except that
alkylation is the reaction of an olefin with an isoparaffin to yield a paraffinic
compound. The key difference of olefin condensation is that the products are
olefinic, but may be later hydrogenated in order to meet the requirements and
specifications of the end products.
Olefin condensation can be carried out in many ways and over a diversity of
catalysts. The common characteristic is that olefin condensation takes place over
acid catalysts. These catalysts include solid phosphoric acid (SPA), liquid acids,
organometallic catalysts, silica alumina, zeolites, sulfonic acid resins, etc.
Although olefin condensation finds broad application in petroleum
refinery refining applications for motor fuels, it is also used in petrochemical
applications (often combined with refinery operations) as, for instance, in the
production of heptenes, nonenes, and dodecenes and for the production of
alkylaromatic derivatives. In fact, some of the same catalysts (e.g., SPA) can also
458
R.L. Mehlberg et al.