reactants for the catalyst. Therefore, if CO + CO 2 are allowed to build up, higher
catalyst temperatures will be required. In an extreme case where a large quantity of
CO or CO 2 would be introduced to the hydrocracker in a short period of time, a
temperature excursion is theoretically possible resulting from the highly exothermic methanation reaction. A recommended practice is if the CO + CO 2 content
exceeds the maximum design limit, the catalyst temperature should not be
increased to compensate for a resulting decrease in conversion. Catalyst temperature should be maintained at the same level or reduced until the problem causing the
high CO + CO 2 is eliminated. In this way the catalyst will not be harmed by
increased deactivation at a higher temperature, and it will also eliminate the
possibility of a temperature runaway due to methanation. In addition, during reactor
cooling and shutdown, the presence of CO in the recycle gas at temperatures below
200
C can lead to formation of nickel carbonyl, which is extremely toxic and can
cause death. Therefore, CO concentration should be kept as low as possible
(typically less than 10 ppm).
Commercial Suppliers of Hydrocracking Process and Catalyst
Technology
Various companies are able to supply the licensing technology for the hydrocracking process, and some companies specialize in the supply of catalyst (http://www.
albemarle.com/products—markets/catalyst-solutions/refinery-catalyst-solutions/clean
-fuels-technologies-1629.html; http://france.axens.net/fr/component/axensdocumen
ts/872/hydrocracking-brochure/english.html; http://www.cbi.com/technologies/tec
hnologies-serviceshydrocracking-technology; http://www.exxonmobil.com/Apps/
RefiningTechnologies/Files/sellsheet_hydrocracking.pdf; http://www.fripp.com/
en-0301020100.htm; http://www.topsoe.com/business_areas/refining/Hydrocrack
ing/HydrocrackingProcesses.aspx; http://www.shell.com/global/products-services/
solutions-for-businesses/globalsolutions/refinery-chemical-licensing/refining-tech
nology.html; http://www.uop.com/products/catalysts/hydroprocessing/; http://www
.uop.com/processing-solutions/refining/vgo-fuel-oil-conversion/; https://grace.com
/catalysts-and-fuels/en-us/art-hydroprocessing-catalysts; http://www.criterioncatal
ysts.com/en/products/product-applications/hydrocracking-pretreat.html). The suppliers of the process technology are Axens, Chevron Lummus Global, ExxonMobil,
Haldor Topsoe, Shell Global Solution, and UOP.
The providers of catalyst technology are Albemarle, Axens, Chevron Lummus
Global, FRIPP, Haldor Topsoe, RIPP/Technip, and UOP.
The suppliers of the catalyst technology are shown in Table 8. There are many
types of catalysts used in hydrocracking. Often combinations of catalysts are used
in the units. The choice of the catalyst depends on the product slate desired by the
refiner.
Hydrocracking in Petroleum Processing
357
catalyst temperatures will be required. In an extreme case where a large quantity of
CO or CO 2 would be introduced to the hydrocracker in a short period of time, a
temperature excursion is theoretically possible resulting from the highly exothermic methanation reaction. A recommended practice is if the CO + CO 2 content
exceeds the maximum design limit, the catalyst temperature should not be
increased to compensate for a resulting decrease in conversion. Catalyst temperature should be maintained at the same level or reduced until the problem causing the
high CO + CO 2 is eliminated. In this way the catalyst will not be harmed by
increased deactivation at a higher temperature, and it will also eliminate the
possibility of a temperature runaway due to methanation. In addition, during reactor
cooling and shutdown, the presence of CO in the recycle gas at temperatures below
200
C can lead to formation of nickel carbonyl, which is extremely toxic and can
cause death. Therefore, CO concentration should be kept as low as possible
(typically less than 10 ppm).
Commercial Suppliers of Hydrocracking Process and Catalyst
Technology
Various companies are able to supply the licensing technology for the hydrocracking process, and some companies specialize in the supply of catalyst (http://www.
albemarle.com/products—markets/catalyst-solutions/refinery-catalyst-solutions/clean
-fuels-technologies-1629.html; http://france.axens.net/fr/component/axensdocumen
ts/872/hydrocracking-brochure/english.html; http://www.cbi.com/technologies/tec
hnologies-serviceshydrocracking-technology; http://www.exxonmobil.com/Apps/
RefiningTechnologies/Files/sellsheet_hydrocracking.pdf; http://www.fripp.com/
en-0301020100.htm; http://www.topsoe.com/business_areas/refining/Hydrocrack
ing/HydrocrackingProcesses.aspx; http://www.shell.com/global/products-services/
solutions-for-businesses/globalsolutions/refinery-chemical-licensing/refining-tech
nology.html; http://www.uop.com/products/catalysts/hydroprocessing/; http://www
.uop.com/processing-solutions/refining/vgo-fuel-oil-conversion/; https://grace.com
/catalysts-and-fuels/en-us/art-hydroprocessing-catalysts; http://www.criterioncatal
ysts.com/en/products/product-applications/hydrocracking-pretreat.html). The suppliers of the process technology are Axens, Chevron Lummus Global, ExxonMobil,
Haldor Topsoe, Shell Global Solution, and UOP.
The providers of catalyst technology are Albemarle, Axens, Chevron Lummus
Global, FRIPP, Haldor Topsoe, RIPP/Technip, and UOP.
The suppliers of the catalyst technology are shown in Table 8. There are many
types of catalysts used in hydrocracking. Often combinations of catalysts are used
in the units. The choice of the catalyst depends on the product slate desired by the
refiner.
Hydrocracking in Petroleum Processing
357