The fermions with quantized angular momentum represent distortions in the
otherwise homogeneous spacetime field. If we average these distortions over all
space, they represent only about 1 part in 10
120 of the average energy density
possessed by the spacetime field. However, a high density of fermions, for example
in a neutron star, can produce a substantial localized excess energy density. The
conditions that create a black hole can be related to producing 100 % modulation of
the properties of the spacetime field at a particular wavelength, amplitude and
frequency. This point will be analyzed later.
The energy density of the homogeneous spacetime field does not create its own
gravity. Instead, gravity is the distortion of this homogeneous field caused by
inhomogeneities in the form of rotating Planck amplitude waves possessing
quantized angular momentum. These distortions of the spacetime field extend far
beyond the particle’s spherical volumes previously described. This external effect
will be discussed later.
In this model, a counter rotating virtual particle pair is two Planck amplitude
waves of the spacetime field which momentarily achieve the amplitude and frequency of a fundamental particle pair. However, there is no quantized angular
momentum. Therefore, the deception lasts for only for a time equal to 1/ω c at which
point the virtual particle pair appears to be annihilated. (1=x c % Dt in the uncertainty principle) The universal spacetime field can appear to be the multiple fields of
the standard model because there are multiple resonances which produce different
types of virtual particle pairs. Currently, field theory considers that each of the
17 fundamental particles of the standard model has its own field [12]. This implies
that the universe has at least 17 overlapping fields. This unappealing concept is
replaced by the more appealing concept of a single spacetime field with multiple
resonances which achieve all the particles, fields and forces.
4 Testing of the Particle Model
4.1 Energy and Angular Momentum Test
The first of the plausibility tests will examine whether this model plausibly achieves
the required energy for a fundamental particle. We will not be attempting to predict
the energy of specific fundamental particles. Instead we will take Eq. (5) and substitute A ¼ A s , x ¼ x c , Z ¼ Z s , and V ¼ k k
3
c . The answer obtained with these
substitutions is: E ¼ kE i . In words, the proposed amplitude A s , frequency ω c , radius
k c and impedance Z s generates the correct internal energy E i of a fundamental particle
if k ¼ 1. For example, an electron has strain amplitude of A s % 4:18 Â 10
À23 ,
a Compton angular frequency of x c % 7:76 Â 10
20 s
À1 , and a reduced Compton
wavelength of
k c % 3:86 Â 10
À13 m. This is an extremely weak rotating distortion of
spacetime. However, because of the large value of Z s , substituting the electron’s
226
J.A. Macken
otherwise homogeneous spacetime field. If we average these distortions over all
space, they represent only about 1 part in 10
120 of the average energy density
possessed by the spacetime field. However, a high density of fermions, for example
in a neutron star, can produce a substantial localized excess energy density. The
conditions that create a black hole can be related to producing 100 % modulation of
the properties of the spacetime field at a particular wavelength, amplitude and
frequency. This point will be analyzed later.
The energy density of the homogeneous spacetime field does not create its own
gravity. Instead, gravity is the distortion of this homogeneous field caused by
inhomogeneities in the form of rotating Planck amplitude waves possessing
quantized angular momentum. These distortions of the spacetime field extend far
beyond the particle’s spherical volumes previously described. This external effect
will be discussed later.
In this model, a counter rotating virtual particle pair is two Planck amplitude
waves of the spacetime field which momentarily achieve the amplitude and frequency of a fundamental particle pair. However, there is no quantized angular
momentum. Therefore, the deception lasts for only for a time equal to 1/ω c at which
point the virtual particle pair appears to be annihilated. (1=x c % Dt in the uncertainty principle) The universal spacetime field can appear to be the multiple fields of
the standard model because there are multiple resonances which produce different
types of virtual particle pairs. Currently, field theory considers that each of the
17 fundamental particles of the standard model has its own field [12]. This implies
that the universe has at least 17 overlapping fields. This unappealing concept is
replaced by the more appealing concept of a single spacetime field with multiple
resonances which achieve all the particles, fields and forces.
4 Testing of the Particle Model
4.1 Energy and Angular Momentum Test
The first of the plausibility tests will examine whether this model plausibly achieves
the required energy for a fundamental particle. We will not be attempting to predict
the energy of specific fundamental particles. Instead we will take Eq. (5) and substitute A ¼ A s , x ¼ x c , Z ¼ Z s , and V ¼ k k
3
c . The answer obtained with these
substitutions is: E ¼ kE i . In words, the proposed amplitude A s , frequency ω c , radius
k c and impedance Z s generates the correct internal energy E i of a fundamental particle
if k ¼ 1. For example, an electron has strain amplitude of A s % 4:18 Â 10
À23 ,
a Compton angular frequency of x c % 7:76 Â 10
20 s
À1 , and a reduced Compton
wavelength of
k c % 3:86 Â 10
À13 m. This is an extremely weak rotating distortion of
spacetime. However, because of the large value of Z s , substituting the electron’s
226
J.A. Macken