55
Essences of Interaction
The force of gravity is represented as F = ma, where the variable a is the acceleration of gravity, shown as F = km 1 m 2 r −2 , with k = 6.673 × 10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2 and
r the distance between the centers of mass of the object with mass m 1 and the
object with mass m 2 . The much greater force of gravity due to the Earth is
pulling the mass toward the Earth while the table is resisting the Earth’s
force by countering with a force equal to that of the mass object. The result is
a force of attraction that suggests that the mass is static, while in fact it is not.
If the same mass-table object were situated normal to the force of gravity on
the Moon’s surface, that force of Moon’s gravity would be approximately
one-sixth that of the Earth’s gravity. The reference frame for the measurement of movement has changed from the Earth to the Moon, with associated
changes in the magnitudes of the gravitational attractions, but the force
remains. In neither the Earth nor the Moon situation is the mass at rest. In
both situations, the mass is experiencing boundary conditions; therefore,
neither is force a property of matter nor is it an attribute of matter. We can
describe force as a mechanism that can produce motion. Force is a trait of the
object called moving (accelerating) mass. Energy and force are different than
matter (Burgin 2003).
For integration, traits are matter with contexts (i.e., boundary conditions).
Attribute
In contrast, attributes are measures of properties and traits. Length is a measure of distance and size is a measure of volume or area. Attributes are
objects characterized by their constraints. Distance traveled per amount of
fuel (or energy) is one measure of piston wear or engine wear (Smith and
Bahill 2010). Attributes do not have mechanisms. Kilometer per liter has no
mechanism, nor does it have a boundary that limits it. The measurement of
a kilometer or the number of liters is mechanistic by the nature of measurement. We know that the burning of a liter of fuel results in delivering a force
to the tires that in turn interact with the road surface. Further, we know that
burning a liter of fuel results in motions of an internal combustion enginedriven vehicle. For example, knowledge (an object with properties, traits,
and attributes) is required to perform various activities. There are procedures (mechanisms) that when followed achieve a degree of precision and
accuracy, and there are formalizations that are called for to represent the
measured quantities in a tangible form (object). The tangible form can be
conveyed to others as data or information. However, the data or information
(e.g., distance traveled or distance with context, respectively data and information) are not mechanisms by themselves. There is no energy, no force, no
mechanism, no boundary, and no movement; therefore, kilometer per liter
is neither a property nor a trait. Attributes can be considered measures of
performance. Measures of performance are testable.
If we were to limit the number of kilometers that were driven, we could
determine to some degree the amount of fuel (or energy) that was used or
Essences of Interaction
The force of gravity is represented as F = ma, where the variable a is the acceleration of gravity, shown as F = km 1 m 2 r −2 , with k = 6.673 × 10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2 and
r the distance between the centers of mass of the object with mass m 1 and the
object with mass m 2 . The much greater force of gravity due to the Earth is
pulling the mass toward the Earth while the table is resisting the Earth’s
force by countering with a force equal to that of the mass object. The result is
a force of attraction that suggests that the mass is static, while in fact it is not.
If the same mass-table object were situated normal to the force of gravity on
the Moon’s surface, that force of Moon’s gravity would be approximately
one-sixth that of the Earth’s gravity. The reference frame for the measurement of movement has changed from the Earth to the Moon, with associated
changes in the magnitudes of the gravitational attractions, but the force
remains. In neither the Earth nor the Moon situation is the mass at rest. In
both situations, the mass is experiencing boundary conditions; therefore,
neither is force a property of matter nor is it an attribute of matter. We can
describe force as a mechanism that can produce motion. Force is a trait of the
object called moving (accelerating) mass. Energy and force are different than
matter (Burgin 2003).
For integration, traits are matter with contexts (i.e., boundary conditions).
Attribute
In contrast, attributes are measures of properties and traits. Length is a measure of distance and size is a measure of volume or area. Attributes are
objects characterized by their constraints. Distance traveled per amount of
fuel (or energy) is one measure of piston wear or engine wear (Smith and
Bahill 2010). Attributes do not have mechanisms. Kilometer per liter has no
mechanism, nor does it have a boundary that limits it. The measurement of
a kilometer or the number of liters is mechanistic by the nature of measurement. We know that the burning of a liter of fuel results in delivering a force
to the tires that in turn interact with the road surface. Further, we know that
burning a liter of fuel results in motions of an internal combustion enginedriven vehicle. For example, knowledge (an object with properties, traits,
and attributes) is required to perform various activities. There are procedures (mechanisms) that when followed achieve a degree of precision and
accuracy, and there are formalizations that are called for to represent the
measured quantities in a tangible form (object). The tangible form can be
conveyed to others as data or information. However, the data or information
(e.g., distance traveled or distance with context, respectively data and information) are not mechanisms by themselves. There is no energy, no force, no
mechanism, no boundary, and no movement; therefore, kilometer per liter
is neither a property nor a trait. Attributes can be considered measures of
performance. Measures of performance are testable.
If we were to limit the number of kilometers that were driven, we could
determine to some degree the amount of fuel (or energy) that was used or