200
TABLe 4.1 (continued)
Factors That Determine Systemness
NotaSystem
ProtaSystem
System
System of Systems
actor
F
No Interaction
Mutual
Consolidate (Synthesis)
Integrated
United
utput
O
Single object
As independent
Some objects’ outputs
Object’s outputs affect
Objects’ outputs are
objects
may be synergistic
system-level outputs
autonomous, yet affect
system-level outputs
elf-reliance
S
Self-reliant (trust in
Objects maintain
Most objects maintain
Objects are dependent,
Objects maintain
their own experience)
self-reliance (trust in
self-reliance (some rely
simultaneously wholes
self-reliance, but are
their own experience)
on others and must
and parts (all must trust
simultaneously
trust)
in each other)
wholes and parts
(objects independently
verify)
ontrol
C
Self-control
Objects maintain
Few objects show
Control unifies or guides
Control unifies or
self-control
dependencies, most not
action(s) of objects
guides action(s) of
group of objects, with
autonomy
erformance
P
Object has independent
Objects have
Objects have few
All objects are dependent
All objects are
performance(s)
independent
dependencies with
and contribute to
independent,
performance(s)
most objects still
system-level
nonaligned, and
autonomous
performance(s)
contribute to
system-level
performance(s)
Engineering Systems Integration