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Engineering Systems Integration
are intonated through vocalization and gestures for others to hear and see.
How the players play their hand dealt according to the rules of a card game
is an example of social integration—the bringing together of the individual
behaviors of the players within the context of the rules of the game. The strategy involved in the card play belongs to the abstract class, while the written
record of the score and the analyses and evaluations regarding the value of
the chips belong to the model integration class.
Model Classification of Integration
A third class of integration (model or representation integration) deals with
the intended functionality of combining things into a whole. Unlike integration by abstraction where the user ascribes meaning by the association of
constituent things (specifically, the abstract notion of one combination of
cards winning over other combinations), model integration illustrates functionality according to a purpose. Text is a representation of ideas; a physical image of a broom is a representation of a broom, rather than the broom
itself (the broom can also be a representation of a broom); and a symbol is
a representation of something such as an object, or cognitive structures, or
procedures. The purpose and the game-play is set out in representations
(or models) that portray various design specifications. The specifications
include diagrammatic forms that illustrate the systems engineered product,
the schematics of a physical structure, the information exchanges across a
network, and the illustration of flowing energy or pressure in a physical
experiment. Examples of model integration include everything that is objectified, such as conceptualizations written down and the embodiments of
procedures that are enacted or documented.
For example, in the earliest days of physics, Isaac Newton (1642–1727) formulated three laws of motions. They can be described as (1) no action, no
movement, or no change in constant movement (i.e., an object at rest remains
at rest, or if in motion continues in constant motion); (2) quantification of
action is the amount of matter (mass) multiplied by the rate of change in rate
of the motion (i.e., a force is directly proportional to its acceleration (the proportionality constant given by the object’s mass)); and (3) for every action there
is an equal and opposite reaction. These ideas concerning motion remain
foundational to our formulation(s) of physics. They were and continue to be
stated in the context of the model class physical domain.
The formal term in systems engineering is for written requirements, documents reflecting design, architecture, integration plans, test plans, verification plans, and validation plans, to mention a few. For the specification plans
that are provided to the developers of the product or service, the types of
representations include
• Logic and data representations
• Physical entity representations
Engineering Systems Integration
are intonated through vocalization and gestures for others to hear and see.
How the players play their hand dealt according to the rules of a card game
is an example of social integration—the bringing together of the individual
behaviors of the players within the context of the rules of the game. The strategy involved in the card play belongs to the abstract class, while the written
record of the score and the analyses and evaluations regarding the value of
the chips belong to the model integration class.
Model Classification of Integration
A third class of integration (model or representation integration) deals with
the intended functionality of combining things into a whole. Unlike integration by abstraction where the user ascribes meaning by the association of
constituent things (specifically, the abstract notion of one combination of
cards winning over other combinations), model integration illustrates functionality according to a purpose. Text is a representation of ideas; a physical image of a broom is a representation of a broom, rather than the broom
itself (the broom can also be a representation of a broom); and a symbol is
a representation of something such as an object, or cognitive structures, or
procedures. The purpose and the game-play is set out in representations
(or models) that portray various design specifications. The specifications
include diagrammatic forms that illustrate the systems engineered product,
the schematics of a physical structure, the information exchanges across a
network, and the illustration of flowing energy or pressure in a physical
experiment. Examples of model integration include everything that is objectified, such as conceptualizations written down and the embodiments of
procedures that are enacted or documented.
For example, in the earliest days of physics, Isaac Newton (1642–1727) formulated three laws of motions. They can be described as (1) no action, no
movement, or no change in constant movement (i.e., an object at rest remains
at rest, or if in motion continues in constant motion); (2) quantification of
action is the amount of matter (mass) multiplied by the rate of change in rate
of the motion (i.e., a force is directly proportional to its acceleration (the proportionality constant given by the object’s mass)); and (3) for every action there
is an equal and opposite reaction. These ideas concerning motion remain
foundational to our formulation(s) of physics. They were and continue to be
stated in the context of the model class physical domain.
The formal term in systems engineering is for written requirements, documents reflecting design, architecture, integration plans, test plans, verification plans, and validation plans, to mention a few. For the specification plans
that are provided to the developers of the product or service, the types of
representations include
• Logic and data representations
• Physical entity representations