154
Engineering Systems Integration
essence of existence. We adapt and add to current structures of integrated
wholes with newly constructed or changes in artifacts that alter functionality or services or acts that constitute differences in how artifacts are used.
Overall, we are affected by a continual change in our behaviors (both individual and social). Combining the objective domain with the social domain
results in a dynamic environment, one in which we often struggle to engineer or model effectively. The interplay between the social behaviors of individuals and groups of individuals with that of the physical environment
(human-built and natural) changes the stability of social interactions, the
physical interactions, and the natural phenomenology. The impacts are nominally destabilizing. These impacts can be observed immediately or felt gradually over time; some aspects short-lived other consequences long-lasting.
The importance of discerning that convergence is possible and then recognizing it likely suggests a meaningful appreciation of the impacts of
emergence.
Culture is a consequence of such convergence. New needs appear—needs
consistent with the desires, capabilities, technologies, abilities, and standards
to which a society is accustomed. Changes in physical structures, culture,
and a litany of other factors impose determinants on human behavior
(Malinowski 1944). This insight is a fundamental step necessary to address
the integration of social mechanisms with product functions—the arena of
systems engineering and systems engineering project management.
The notion of objects coming together and remaining or forming in a stable configuration is the essential concept of integration. In macroeconomics,
integration can be thought of as the removal of impediments that prevent
stable associations (El-Agraa 1989). Therefore, successful integration is based
on the removal of a political impediment with the causal variables of degree
of cooperation and decision making describing the various behaviors formulated in the context of a political framework. The result is a discussion on
integration of country economies as a stable political outcome. The mechanism of this integration is the elimination of impediments to enhance cooperation between economies (Pelkmans 1998). Likewise, in designing or
merging business processes found in the organizational science field, integration is defined as a mechanism that merges independent processes that
result from functional differentiation (Galbraith 1977). When an organization compartmentalizes its business units, there are often mismatched functions from one unit to another. The uniting of the cross-unit functions is
termed as integration. These views of integration are adopted in many fields,
including business, economics, information technology, and systems engineering. Integration is variously, but similarly, defined in the context of interfaces and data. For example, for organizational information, integration is
defined at the network level, the data level, the application level, and the
business process level (Giachetti 2004). It follows from these views of integration that the process of removal necessarily precedes the establishment of a
whole that exhibits long-term stability. These views are methodological by
Engineering Systems Integration
essence of existence. We adapt and add to current structures of integrated
wholes with newly constructed or changes in artifacts that alter functionality or services or acts that constitute differences in how artifacts are used.
Overall, we are affected by a continual change in our behaviors (both individual and social). Combining the objective domain with the social domain
results in a dynamic environment, one in which we often struggle to engineer or model effectively. The interplay between the social behaviors of individuals and groups of individuals with that of the physical environment
(human-built and natural) changes the stability of social interactions, the
physical interactions, and the natural phenomenology. The impacts are nominally destabilizing. These impacts can be observed immediately or felt gradually over time; some aspects short-lived other consequences long-lasting.
The importance of discerning that convergence is possible and then recognizing it likely suggests a meaningful appreciation of the impacts of
emergence.
Culture is a consequence of such convergence. New needs appear—needs
consistent with the desires, capabilities, technologies, abilities, and standards
to which a society is accustomed. Changes in physical structures, culture,
and a litany of other factors impose determinants on human behavior
(Malinowski 1944). This insight is a fundamental step necessary to address
the integration of social mechanisms with product functions—the arena of
systems engineering and systems engineering project management.
The notion of objects coming together and remaining or forming in a stable configuration is the essential concept of integration. In macroeconomics,
integration can be thought of as the removal of impediments that prevent
stable associations (El-Agraa 1989). Therefore, successful integration is based
on the removal of a political impediment with the causal variables of degree
of cooperation and decision making describing the various behaviors formulated in the context of a political framework. The result is a discussion on
integration of country economies as a stable political outcome. The mechanism of this integration is the elimination of impediments to enhance cooperation between economies (Pelkmans 1998). Likewise, in designing or
merging business processes found in the organizational science field, integration is defined as a mechanism that merges independent processes that
result from functional differentiation (Galbraith 1977). When an organization compartmentalizes its business units, there are often mismatched functions from one unit to another. The uniting of the cross-unit functions is
termed as integration. These views of integration are adopted in many fields,
including business, economics, information technology, and systems engineering. Integration is variously, but similarly, defined in the context of interfaces and data. For example, for organizational information, integration is
defined at the network level, the data level, the application level, and the
business process level (Giachetti 2004). It follows from these views of integration that the process of removal necessarily precedes the establishment of a
whole that exhibits long-term stability. These views are methodological by