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Engineering Systems Integration
both sets of managers. As a result of the retention policies and team-building
activities, both sets of workers deliver more productive hours per dollar than
their competitors in their respective markets. The key in evaluating the effectiveness of these retention policies is wrapped in process integration. Some
retention efforts are based on maintaining critical skills so that new hires
can be trained and the workforce is improved and shaped to provide a stable
cadre of skilled workers. Another perspective is to think of the skill base as
human capital that can be developed and managed (Todd and Parten 2008).
In the case of the apple–orange comparison, the process integration effort
was based on the specific needs of each individual worker. Rather than view
the process as critical-skills-centric retention or human-capital-centric
retention, apple–orange process managers focused on people-centric retention. Process integration depends completely on the focus of integration.
That focus is more influential for decision-making and management roles
than design and architecture.
The aim of process integration may be to (1) improve (e.g., maximize) production (output) efficiency or effectiveness; (2) increase the independence
from changes in the operational environment, improve user satisfaction,
immunize the assumptions and decisions from technology and legislative
vagaries, and enhance the interoperability with known and unknown future
systems; (3) expand the partnering opportunities through network-centric
operations; and (4) deliver process visibility through standards, shared data,
and interpretable protocols.
Measurements performed for one class of abstraction can be combined
and correlated with measurements made for the other classes of the same
abstraction. These measurements are correlated through the integrative
domain framework as long as the conditions for integration within the limitations and constraints are satisfied. Either or both of the subjective and
objective frames can be used as the reference frame in which to associate and
connect measures and measurements for both frames. The purpose for a
reference (in the general sense a class of abstraction, object, or process) is to
bring additional information together in such a way as to highlight the
relation between the reference and the additional information. The relation
between the reference and the additional information is to provide a basis for
comparing, contrasting, and evaluating the additional information relative
to a set of information. The reference serves as a perspective from which to
view additional information. For example, if object is chosen as the reference
domain for integration, the objects and processes associated with that class
would be expressed within the physical context (objects). The perspective
posed by the physical context serves as the lens through which to examine
the nature and conditions of the objects and processes. If there are various
kinds of associations or patterns between the functions or processes with
physical entities, then the perspective of object might either suggest that
relation or explicitly show it. Similarly, the function frame, or in general,
the process domain can be used separately as the reference perspective to
Engineering Systems Integration
both sets of managers. As a result of the retention policies and team-building
activities, both sets of workers deliver more productive hours per dollar than
their competitors in their respective markets. The key in evaluating the effectiveness of these retention policies is wrapped in process integration. Some
retention efforts are based on maintaining critical skills so that new hires
can be trained and the workforce is improved and shaped to provide a stable
cadre of skilled workers. Another perspective is to think of the skill base as
human capital that can be developed and managed (Todd and Parten 2008).
In the case of the apple–orange comparison, the process integration effort
was based on the specific needs of each individual worker. Rather than view
the process as critical-skills-centric retention or human-capital-centric
retention, apple–orange process managers focused on people-centric retention. Process integration depends completely on the focus of integration.
That focus is more influential for decision-making and management roles
than design and architecture.
The aim of process integration may be to (1) improve (e.g., maximize) production (output) efficiency or effectiveness; (2) increase the independence
from changes in the operational environment, improve user satisfaction,
immunize the assumptions and decisions from technology and legislative
vagaries, and enhance the interoperability with known and unknown future
systems; (3) expand the partnering opportunities through network-centric
operations; and (4) deliver process visibility through standards, shared data,
and interpretable protocols.
Measurements performed for one class of abstraction can be combined
and correlated with measurements made for the other classes of the same
abstraction. These measurements are correlated through the integrative
domain framework as long as the conditions for integration within the limitations and constraints are satisfied. Either or both of the subjective and
objective frames can be used as the reference frame in which to associate and
connect measures and measurements for both frames. The purpose for a
reference (in the general sense a class of abstraction, object, or process) is to
bring additional information together in such a way as to highlight the
relation between the reference and the additional information. The relation
between the reference and the additional information is to provide a basis for
comparing, contrasting, and evaluating the additional information relative
to a set of information. The reference serves as a perspective from which to
view additional information. For example, if object is chosen as the reference
domain for integration, the objects and processes associated with that class
would be expressed within the physical context (objects). The perspective
posed by the physical context serves as the lens through which to examine
the nature and conditions of the objects and processes. If there are various
kinds of associations or patterns between the functions or processes with
physical entities, then the perspective of object might either suggest that
relation or explicitly show it. Similarly, the function frame, or in general,
the process domain can be used separately as the reference perspective to