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because the period of separation is infinitesimally small, that EMMI from
one object was indeed the determinant factor for the activation of an
object’s mechanism, and that the output of an object is causally enabled by
a single-input EMMI.* An event is theoretically the result of all objects, all
interactions, and all EMMI in the universe, some interactions being directly
involved at a specific instance. The expression of a single event is immediately cogged into a trail of chained events that proceeds to interact and perhaps integrate with other objects. Each object through its properties, traits,
and, attributes can either retain its independence or develop various forms
of dependencies in an integrated structure with various degree(s) of stability. Events concatenate and intertwine coextensively ad infinitum, as one
instant in a sequence. Causality is the relation between two events—with
one event uniquely determining the next event.
Objective causalities are exceedingly problematic to follow event by event.
It is only after some measurable grouping of events has occurred that we
may be capable of detecting and discerning some sibilance of causality (or at
best correlation). The functions of objective causalities are those that occur
between grossly detectable objects or by their influences of EMMI.
For human-made objects, the functions of objective causalities (1) relate
the management or policies and rules of development with the sustainment of the objects; (2) support analyses of the events that result from the
process domain; and (3) identify the considerations from which to discern
the expected (or anticipated) behaviors of the users with those physical
entities, functions, performances, and losses (Garud 1995). The framework
of objective causalities relates the management of development and the
sustainment of human-made objects (products and services) to the activities and events that must be completed. These activities (or project tasks in
the case of systems engineering or systems integration) are defined in a
3 × 3 matrix that is the nexus of the cross-framed correlations between processes and the objects, that is, between the subjective and the objective
frames, respectively. The objective causalities framework for integration is
shown below. The 3 × 3 matrix that relates the subjective frame to the objective frame is laid out in blank rows and columns. For interaction and integration we refer to the framework as the integrative systems framework. †
Figure 2.9 illustrates the flow of work through the systems framework that
integrates the subjective and objective frames of information and data.
* Of course, this discussion opens up the issues of simultaneously received EMMI, an insufficiency of one EMMI that requires additional EMMI to activate the mechanism, other causal
factors within the object or the environment, and so forth. For the purposes of this book, we
ignore all other such effects. These other effects are certainly interesting to ponder and will
be dealt with using the mathematical representations of mereology following (Stanford
University 2007).
† Given that the operands for process (abstractions, procedures, and models) and the operands
for objects (behaviors, functions, and physical entities) act in a 3 × 3 matrix, the integrative
systems framework is also referred to as the “3 × 3 matrix.”