system, detachments become linked by climbing fault
branches. Together these faults may generate duplexes
developed by foreland-directed in-sequence thrusting
(Fig. 12.14b). In cases where the system halts e.g. due
to increasing friction, the younger horses may pile up
on top of the older ones, and an antiformal stack is
generated. Changes in overburden and friction may
also cause fault activity to switch from one place to
another in an unsystematic way. This is termed out-ofsequence thrusting (Fig. 12.14b). Thus, it is not
(a)
wsw
Femie basin
Lewis thrust 6-14-8-5W5 T u rt le M n t. th ru st
L iv in g st o n e th ru st
2
0
–2
–4
–6
–8
0
20
40
60
80 km
(b)
wsw
W in g w a m th ru st
M a cD o n a ld th ru st
Le w is th ru st
Li v in g st o n e
th ru st
(c)
wsw
2
Femie basin
MacDonald Range Howell Creek
structure
Turtle Mountain
7-20-6-3W5
6-22-5-1W5
8-20-4-1W5
07-34-3-1W5
Lewis thrust
Flathead
Valley
graben
Cate
Creek
Window
2-1-5-2W5
2-16-5-2W5
6-15-5-2W5
3-27-6-27W5
07-27-6-3W5
07-14-6-3W5
0
–2
–4
–6
–8
2
ENE
ENE
a
c
b
80
60
40
Age (in Ma)
20
0
150
100
PAZ
I
II III IV V
VI
VII
50
Transient heat effect
6
4
3
5
2
1
0
–10
–20
Temperature (in
°C)
ΔT (in
°C)
ENE
0 km
–2
–4
–6
–8
2
0 km
–2
–4
–6
–8
2
0 km
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
2
0
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
0
20
40
60
80 km
0
20
40
60
80 km
Fig. 12.14 (a–b) Temperature-history curves for different
parts of the Canadian Cordillera at different positions relative
to the apatite annealing zone (PAZ). (c) Structural crosssections with corresponding organic maturity indications
(blue: low maturation, dark red: over-maturation). Light blue,
green and orange colours indicate oil – gas maturation for the
same profile. From Hardebol et al. (2009). Reproduced by
permission of the American Geophysical Union
12 The Structure and Hydrocarbon Traps of Sedimentary Basins
341
branches. Together these faults may generate duplexes
developed by foreland-directed in-sequence thrusting
(Fig. 12.14b). In cases where the system halts e.g. due
to increasing friction, the younger horses may pile up
on top of the older ones, and an antiformal stack is
generated. Changes in overburden and friction may
also cause fault activity to switch from one place to
another in an unsystematic way. This is termed out-ofsequence thrusting (Fig. 12.14b). Thus, it is not
(a)
wsw
Femie basin
Lewis thrust 6-14-8-5W5 T u rt le M n t. th ru st
L iv in g st o n e th ru st
2
0
–2
–4
–6
–8
0
20
40
60
80 km
(b)
wsw
W in g w a m th ru st
M a cD o n a ld th ru st
Le w is th ru st
Li v in g st o n e
th ru st
(c)
wsw
2
Femie basin
MacDonald Range Howell Creek
structure
Turtle Mountain
7-20-6-3W5
6-22-5-1W5
8-20-4-1W5
07-34-3-1W5
Lewis thrust
Flathead
Valley
graben
Cate
Creek
Window
2-1-5-2W5
2-16-5-2W5
6-15-5-2W5
3-27-6-27W5
07-27-6-3W5
07-14-6-3W5
0
–2
–4
–6
–8
2
ENE
ENE
a
c
b
80
60
40
Age (in Ma)
20
0
150
100
PAZ
I
II III IV V
VI
VII
50
Transient heat effect
6
4
3
5
2
1
0
–10
–20
Temperature (in
°C)
ΔT (in
°C)
ENE
0 km
–2
–4
–6
–8
2
0 km
–2
–4
–6
–8
2
0 km
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
2
0
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
0
20
40
60
80 km
0
20
40
60
80 km
Fig. 12.14 (a–b) Temperature-history curves for different
parts of the Canadian Cordillera at different positions relative
to the apatite annealing zone (PAZ). (c) Structural crosssections with corresponding organic maturity indications
(blue: low maturation, dark red: over-maturation). Light blue,
green and orange colours indicate oil – gas maturation for the
same profile. From Hardebol et al. (2009). Reproduced by
permission of the American Geophysical Union
12 The Structure and Hydrocarbon Traps of Sedimentary Basins
341