4 Graphene/PIL Hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Abbreviations
[BMIm][PF6] 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
ATRP
Atom transfer polymerization
BMImTos
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate
cryo-TEM
Cryoscopic transmission electron microscopy
IL
Ionic liquid
Im
Imidazole
nanoPIL
Nanostructured polymeric ionic liquid
NBR
Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) rubber
PB-b-PEO
Poly(1,2-butadiene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)
PEHO
Poly(3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane)
PIB
Polyisobutylene
PIL
Polymeric ionic liquid
PP
Polypropylene
RAFT
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
SAN
Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)
Tos
Tosylate
1 Introduction
As salts melting below 100
C, ionic liquids (ILs) are powerful solvents, combining
negligible vapor pressure with low flammability, good electrochemical stability,
and high ionic conductivity. Their applications range from organic reaction and
separation media to sorbents, supports for catalysts, dispersants, sensor components,
and battery electrolytes [1–9]. During the last decade, nanostructured ILs have
attracted considerable attention in academia and industry. Structured ILs, containing
nanometer-sized compartments, serve as reactors and templates in nanoparticle and
nanopore syntheses. As pointed out by Canongia Lopes and Pa ´dua, the self-assembly
of ILs containing long-chain alkyl groups enables nanostructural IL self-organization
[10]. Similarly, the dissolution of ILs in aqueous surfactant solutions [11] as well as
the dissolution of various other surfactants in ILs [12, 13] can create micellar IL
systems. According to Armstrong and coworkers [13], micelle formation in ILs
markedly changes their solvation characteristics without requiring chemical modification of their molecular architectures. However, most micellar ILs are highly
sensitive to shear forces and to changes in pH and temperature. Polymeric ionic
liquids (PILs) combine IL-like properties with polymer-like facile processing,
polymer self-assembly, and design of multifunctional macromolecular systems
[14–17]. Dispersions, films, and moldings are prepared from nanoPILs without
432
B. Kerscher et al.
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Abbreviations
[BMIm][PF6] 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
ATRP
Atom transfer polymerization
BMImTos
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate
cryo-TEM
Cryoscopic transmission electron microscopy
IL
Ionic liquid
Im
Imidazole
nanoPIL
Nanostructured polymeric ionic liquid
NBR
Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) rubber
PB-b-PEO
Poly(1,2-butadiene)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)
PEHO
Poly(3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane)
PIB
Polyisobutylene
PIL
Polymeric ionic liquid
PP
Polypropylene
RAFT
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
SAN
Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)
Tos
Tosylate
1 Introduction
As salts melting below 100
C, ionic liquids (ILs) are powerful solvents, combining
negligible vapor pressure with low flammability, good electrochemical stability,
and high ionic conductivity. Their applications range from organic reaction and
separation media to sorbents, supports for catalysts, dispersants, sensor components,
and battery electrolytes [1–9]. During the last decade, nanostructured ILs have
attracted considerable attention in academia and industry. Structured ILs, containing
nanometer-sized compartments, serve as reactors and templates in nanoparticle and
nanopore syntheses. As pointed out by Canongia Lopes and Pa ´dua, the self-assembly
of ILs containing long-chain alkyl groups enables nanostructural IL self-organization
[10]. Similarly, the dissolution of ILs in aqueous surfactant solutions [11] as well as
the dissolution of various other surfactants in ILs [12, 13] can create micellar IL
systems. According to Armstrong and coworkers [13], micelle formation in ILs
markedly changes their solvation characteristics without requiring chemical modification of their molecular architectures. However, most micellar ILs are highly
sensitive to shear forces and to changes in pH and temperature. Polymeric ionic
liquids (PILs) combine IL-like properties with polymer-like facile processing,
polymer self-assembly, and design of multifunctional macromolecular systems
[14–17]. Dispersions, films, and moldings are prepared from nanoPILs without
432
B. Kerscher et al.