23. Kobayashi S (2012) Enzymatic polymerization. In: Matyjaszewski K, Moeller M (eds) Polymer science: a comprehensive reference, vol 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 217-237
24. Puskas JE, Sen MY, Seo KS (2009) Green polymer chemistry using nature’s catalyst, enzyme.
J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 47:2959–2976
25. Cheng HN, Gross RA (eds) (2010) Green polymer chemistry: biocatalysis and biomaterials.
ACS Symposium Series, vol 1043. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
26. Werpy T, Petersen G (2004) Top value added chemicals from biomass. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory and DOE National Laboratory, Oak Ridge
27. Tsuji H, Ikada Y (2000) Properties and morphology of poly(L-lactide) 4. Effects of structural
parameters on long-term hydrolysis of poly(L-lactide) in phosphate-buffered solution. Polym
Deg Stab 67:179–189
28. Moon SI, Lee CW, Miyamoto M, Kimura Y (2000) Melt polycondensation of L-lactic acid
with Sn(II) catalysts activated by various proton acids: a direct manufacturing route to high
molecular weight poly(L-lactic acid). J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 38:1673–1679
29. Moon S-I, Lee CW, Taniguchi I, Miyamoto M, Kimura Y (2001) Melt/solid polycondensation
of L-lactic acid: an alternative route to poly(L-lactic acid) with high molecular weight.
Polymer 42:5059–5062
30. Dechy-Cabaret O, Martin-Vaca B, Bourissou D (2004) Controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactide and glycolide. Chem Rev 104:6147–6176
31. Gupta B, Revagade N, Hilborn J (2007) Poly(lactic acid) fiber: an overview. Prog Polym Sci
32:455–482
32. Fukushima K, Chang YH, Kimura Y (2007) Enhanced stereocomplex formation of poly
(L-lactic acid) and poly(D-lactic acid) in the presence of stereoblock poly(L-lactic acid).
Macromol Biosci 7:829–835
33. Jiang X, Smith MR III, Baker GL (2008) Water-soluble thermoresponsive polylactides.
Macromolecules 41:318–324
34. Chuma A, Hom HW, Swope WC, Pratt RC, Zhang L, Lohmeijer BG, Wade CG, Waymouth
RM, Hedrick JL, Rice JE (2008) The reaction mechanism for the organocatalytic ring-opening
polymerization of L-lactide using a guanidine-based catalyst: hydrogen-bonded or covalently
bonded? J Am Chem Soc 130:6749–6759
35. Jing F, Hillmyer MA (2008) A bifunctional monomer derived from lactide for toughening
polylactide. J Am Chem Soc 130:13826–13827
36. Pitet LM, Amendt MA, Hillmyer MA (2010) Nanoporous linear polyethylene from a block
polymer precursor. J Am Chem Soc 132:8230–8231
37. Nishida H, Andou Y, Watanabe K, Arazoe Y, Ide S, Shirai Y (2011) Poly(tetramethyl
glycolide) from renewable carbon, a racemization-free and controlled depolymerizable polyester. Macromolecules 44:12–13
38. Inkinen S, Hakkarainen M, Albertsson A-C, So ¨derga ˚rd A (2011) From lactic acid to poly
(lactic acid) (PLA): characterization and analysis of PLA and its precursor. Biomacromolecules 12:523–532
39. Stoclet G, Seguela R, Lefebvre JM, Li S, Vert M (2011) Thermal and strain-induced chain
ordering in lactic acid stereocopolymers: influence on the composition in stereomers.
Macromolecules 44:4961–4969
40. Shin EJ, Jones AE, Waymouth RM (2012) Stereocomplexation in cyclic and linear polylactide
blends. Macromolecules 45:595–598
41. Ishimoto K, Arimoto M, Okuda T, Yamaguchi S, Aso Y, Ohara H, Kobayashi S, Ishii M,
Morita K, Yamashita H, Yabuuchi N (2012) Biobased polymers: synthesis of graft copolymers
and comb polymers using lactic acid macromonomer and properties of the product polymers.
Biomacromolecules 13:3757–3768
42. Ishimoto K, Arimoto M, Ohara H, Kobayashi S, Ishii M, Morita K, Yamashita H, Yabuuchi N
(2009) Biobased polymer system: miniemulsion of poly(alkyl methacrylate-graft-lactic acid)s.
Biomacromolecules 10:2719–2723
164
S. Kobayashi
24. Puskas JE, Sen MY, Seo KS (2009) Green polymer chemistry using nature’s catalyst, enzyme.
J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 47:2959–2976
25. Cheng HN, Gross RA (eds) (2010) Green polymer chemistry: biocatalysis and biomaterials.
ACS Symposium Series, vol 1043. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
26. Werpy T, Petersen G (2004) Top value added chemicals from biomass. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory and DOE National Laboratory, Oak Ridge
27. Tsuji H, Ikada Y (2000) Properties and morphology of poly(L-lactide) 4. Effects of structural
parameters on long-term hydrolysis of poly(L-lactide) in phosphate-buffered solution. Polym
Deg Stab 67:179–189
28. Moon SI, Lee CW, Miyamoto M, Kimura Y (2000) Melt polycondensation of L-lactic acid
with Sn(II) catalysts activated by various proton acids: a direct manufacturing route to high
molecular weight poly(L-lactic acid). J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 38:1673–1679
29. Moon S-I, Lee CW, Taniguchi I, Miyamoto M, Kimura Y (2001) Melt/solid polycondensation
of L-lactic acid: an alternative route to poly(L-lactic acid) with high molecular weight.
Polymer 42:5059–5062
30. Dechy-Cabaret O, Martin-Vaca B, Bourissou D (2004) Controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactide and glycolide. Chem Rev 104:6147–6176
31. Gupta B, Revagade N, Hilborn J (2007) Poly(lactic acid) fiber: an overview. Prog Polym Sci
32:455–482
32. Fukushima K, Chang YH, Kimura Y (2007) Enhanced stereocomplex formation of poly
(L-lactic acid) and poly(D-lactic acid) in the presence of stereoblock poly(L-lactic acid).
Macromol Biosci 7:829–835
33. Jiang X, Smith MR III, Baker GL (2008) Water-soluble thermoresponsive polylactides.
Macromolecules 41:318–324
34. Chuma A, Hom HW, Swope WC, Pratt RC, Zhang L, Lohmeijer BG, Wade CG, Waymouth
RM, Hedrick JL, Rice JE (2008) The reaction mechanism for the organocatalytic ring-opening
polymerization of L-lactide using a guanidine-based catalyst: hydrogen-bonded or covalently
bonded? J Am Chem Soc 130:6749–6759
35. Jing F, Hillmyer MA (2008) A bifunctional monomer derived from lactide for toughening
polylactide. J Am Chem Soc 130:13826–13827
36. Pitet LM, Amendt MA, Hillmyer MA (2010) Nanoporous linear polyethylene from a block
polymer precursor. J Am Chem Soc 132:8230–8231
37. Nishida H, Andou Y, Watanabe K, Arazoe Y, Ide S, Shirai Y (2011) Poly(tetramethyl
glycolide) from renewable carbon, a racemization-free and controlled depolymerizable polyester. Macromolecules 44:12–13
38. Inkinen S, Hakkarainen M, Albertsson A-C, So ¨derga ˚rd A (2011) From lactic acid to poly
(lactic acid) (PLA): characterization and analysis of PLA and its precursor. Biomacromolecules 12:523–532
39. Stoclet G, Seguela R, Lefebvre JM, Li S, Vert M (2011) Thermal and strain-induced chain
ordering in lactic acid stereocopolymers: influence on the composition in stereomers.
Macromolecules 44:4961–4969
40. Shin EJ, Jones AE, Waymouth RM (2012) Stereocomplexation in cyclic and linear polylactide
blends. Macromolecules 45:595–598
41. Ishimoto K, Arimoto M, Okuda T, Yamaguchi S, Aso Y, Ohara H, Kobayashi S, Ishii M,
Morita K, Yamashita H, Yabuuchi N (2012) Biobased polymers: synthesis of graft copolymers
and comb polymers using lactic acid macromonomer and properties of the product polymers.
Biomacromolecules 13:3757–3768
42. Ishimoto K, Arimoto M, Ohara H, Kobayashi S, Ishii M, Morita K, Yamashita H, Yabuuchi N
(2009) Biobased polymer system: miniemulsion of poly(alkyl methacrylate-graft-lactic acid)s.
Biomacromolecules 10:2719–2723
164
S. Kobayashi