List of Figures
Figure 1.1
Objectives and work structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Figure 1.2
Methodological system for IS and classification of this
work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Figure 2.1
Ways to study a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Figure 2.2
Stages of a simulation study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Figure 2.3
Discrete and continuous time base in a simulation . . . . . . .
14
Figure 2.4
Overview of simulation paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Figure 2.5
Cyclic and parallel interaction mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Figure 2.6
Stages of a hybrid simulation study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Figure 2.7
Local and global minima of an objective function . . . . . . . .
26
Figure 2.8
Overview of optimization methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Figure 2.9
Different cases of sequential and hierarchical coupling
of simulation and optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Figure 2.10 Interactions between optimization and simulation
model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Figure 3.1
Development of the global primary energy
consumption to 2008 and three GEA pathways
to 2030 and 2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Figure 3.2
Change in primary energy demand, 2016–2040 (Mtoe) . . .
42
Figure 3.3
Global growth in energy consumption by sector . . . . . . . . .
43
Figure 3.4
Producer price indices for electricity on the example
of Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Figure 3.5
Energy conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Figure 3.6
Energy balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Figure 3.7
Energy efficiency levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Figure 3.8
Energetic correlations in manufacturing companies . . . . . . .
51
xxi
Figure 1.1
Objectives and work structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Figure 1.2
Methodological system for IS and classification of this
work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Figure 2.1
Ways to study a system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Figure 2.2
Stages of a simulation study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Figure 2.3
Discrete and continuous time base in a simulation . . . . . . .
14
Figure 2.4
Overview of simulation paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Figure 2.5
Cyclic and parallel interaction mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Figure 2.6
Stages of a hybrid simulation study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Figure 2.7
Local and global minima of an objective function . . . . . . . .
26
Figure 2.8
Overview of optimization methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Figure 2.9
Different cases of sequential and hierarchical coupling
of simulation and optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Figure 2.10 Interactions between optimization and simulation
model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Figure 3.1
Development of the global primary energy
consumption to 2008 and three GEA pathways
to 2030 and 2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Figure 3.2
Change in primary energy demand, 2016–2040 (Mtoe) . . .
42
Figure 3.3
Global growth in energy consumption by sector . . . . . . . . .
43
Figure 3.4
Producer price indices for electricity on the example
of Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Figure 3.5
Energy conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Figure 3.6
Energy balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Figure 3.7
Energy efficiency levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Figure 3.8
Energetic correlations in manufacturing companies . . . . . . .
51
xxi