VIII
5
GPCRs as Targets for Plant- Derived Drugs .................................................................... 57
5.1
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (MAchR): Muscarine,
Atropine and Physostigmine........................................................................................................... 58
5.2
Adrenergic Receptors: Reserpine and Ephedrine ................................................................... 61
5.3
Adenosine Receptors: Caffeine ...................................................................................................... 64
5.4
Cannabinoid Receptors: Cannabis and Cannabinoids .......................................................... 68
5.5
Dopamine Receptors: Neuroleptics and Cocaine .................................................................... 72
5.6
5HT2 A Receptors: Psilocybin, Mescaline and Dimethyltryptamine.................................. 74
5.7
Opioid Receptors: Morphine, Heroin and Salvinorin A ......................................................... 76
References ............................................................................................................................................... 80
6
Ion Channels as Targets for Plant-Derived Drugs ..................................................... 83
6.1
Neurotoxin Binding Sites on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels ................................................. 84
6.2
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (NAchR): Nicotine ............................................................. 85
6.3
GABA A Receptors: Muscimol, Valerenic Acid, Thujone and Benzamidines .................... 88
6.4
Glycine Receptor: Strychnine and Tutin ...................................................................................... 89
6.5
Glutamate Receptors: Ibotenic Acid, Kainate and Ketamine .............................................. 90
6.6
TRPV and TRPM8: Heat and Cold, Capsaicin and Menthol ................................................... 92
References ............................................................................................................................................... 94
III Plant-Derived Drugs: Their Function in Plants
and Potential Biotechnological Use
7
Plant-Derived Drugs Affecting GPRCs .............................................................................. 99
7.1
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Atropine, Muscarine and Scopolamine ............. 100
7.2
Adrenergic Receptors: Ephedrine and Reserpine ................................................................... 102
7.3
Adenosine Receptors: Caffeine ...................................................................................................... 104
7.4
Cannabinoid Receptors: Phytocannabinoids ........................................................................... 107
7.5
Dopamine Receptors: Cocaine and L-DOPA .............................................................................. 110
7.6
5HT2A Receptors: Ergotamine and Mescaline ......................................................................... 111
7.7
Opioid Receptor: Morphine/Opiates and Opioids .................................................................. 112
References ............................................................................................................................................... 116
8
Plant-Derived Drugs Affecting Ion Channels ............................................................... 121
8.1
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Aconitine, Saxitoxin and Ryanodine ................................. 122
8.2
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Nicotine, Coniine, Curare and Anatoxin A............ 123
8.3
GABA A Receptors: Thujone, Cicutoxin and Anisatin ............................................................... 127
8.4
Glycine Receptors: Strychnine and Tutin .................................................................................... 130
8.5
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: Ibogaine, Kainic and Domoic Acid ............................. 131
8.6
TRPV and TRPM8 Receptors: Capsaicin and Menthol ............................................................ 133
References ............................................................................................................................................... 137
Contents
5
GPCRs as Targets for Plant- Derived Drugs .................................................................... 57
5.1
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (MAchR): Muscarine,
Atropine and Physostigmine........................................................................................................... 58
5.2
Adrenergic Receptors: Reserpine and Ephedrine ................................................................... 61
5.3
Adenosine Receptors: Caffeine ...................................................................................................... 64
5.4
Cannabinoid Receptors: Cannabis and Cannabinoids .......................................................... 68
5.5
Dopamine Receptors: Neuroleptics and Cocaine .................................................................... 72
5.6
5HT2 A Receptors: Psilocybin, Mescaline and Dimethyltryptamine.................................. 74
5.7
Opioid Receptors: Morphine, Heroin and Salvinorin A ......................................................... 76
References ............................................................................................................................................... 80
6
Ion Channels as Targets for Plant-Derived Drugs ..................................................... 83
6.1
Neurotoxin Binding Sites on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels ................................................. 84
6.2
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (NAchR): Nicotine ............................................................. 85
6.3
GABA A Receptors: Muscimol, Valerenic Acid, Thujone and Benzamidines .................... 88
6.4
Glycine Receptor: Strychnine and Tutin ...................................................................................... 89
6.5
Glutamate Receptors: Ibotenic Acid, Kainate and Ketamine .............................................. 90
6.6
TRPV and TRPM8: Heat and Cold, Capsaicin and Menthol ................................................... 92
References ............................................................................................................................................... 94
III Plant-Derived Drugs: Their Function in Plants
and Potential Biotechnological Use
7
Plant-Derived Drugs Affecting GPRCs .............................................................................. 99
7.1
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Atropine, Muscarine and Scopolamine ............. 100
7.2
Adrenergic Receptors: Ephedrine and Reserpine ................................................................... 102
7.3
Adenosine Receptors: Caffeine ...................................................................................................... 104
7.4
Cannabinoid Receptors: Phytocannabinoids ........................................................................... 107
7.5
Dopamine Receptors: Cocaine and L-DOPA .............................................................................. 110
7.6
5HT2A Receptors: Ergotamine and Mescaline ......................................................................... 111
7.7
Opioid Receptor: Morphine/Opiates and Opioids .................................................................. 112
References ............................................................................................................................................... 116
8
Plant-Derived Drugs Affecting Ion Channels ............................................................... 121
8.1
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Aconitine, Saxitoxin and Ryanodine ................................. 122
8.2
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Nicotine, Coniine, Curare and Anatoxin A............ 123
8.3
GABA A Receptors: Thujone, Cicutoxin and Anisatin ............................................................... 127
8.4
Glycine Receptors: Strychnine and Tutin .................................................................................... 130
8.5
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: Ibogaine, Kainic and Domoic Acid ............................. 131
8.6
TRPV and TRPM8 Receptors: Capsaicin and Menthol ............................................................ 133
References ............................................................................................................................................... 137
Contents