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8
receptors, has been described (Zubaran 2000). It is found in the bark of plants such as
Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana and Tabernaemontana undulata and was first
described in Western medicine in 1874 as an aphrodisiac and nerve system stimulant.
Since the 1930s, ibogaine was sold in France in the form of Lambarène, an extract of the
Tabernanthe manii plant (Zubaran 2000). It became a popular performance-enhancing
substance among athletes but is now found on the list of forbidden substances from the
Kainate receptor
ENDOGENOUS:
AMPA receptor
NMDA receptor
Glutamate
N-methylD-aspartic acid
+
(NMDA)
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Allosteric
negative
modulator
(NMDA)
Glycine
Mg 2+
Voltage
AMPA
+
(AMPA)
Ibotenic acid
-
(Kainate, AMPA,
NMDA)
Kainic acid
+
(Kainate)
Ketamine
Allosteric
negative
modulator
(NMDA)
Willardiine
+
(AMPA)
Domoic acid
+
(AMPA)
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
N
H
N
H
N
NH
H
HO
O
O
OH
NH 2
NH 2
NH
H 2 N
NH 2
N
O
O
O
O
O
H
O
O
O
O
O
O
N
H
H
H
H
HO
N
CI
NH
O
O
O
HO
HO
NH 2
. Fig. 8.6 Examples of natural and synthetic compounds that act as agonists and antagonists of
ionotropic glutamate receptors
Chapter 8 · Plant-Derived Drugs Affecting Ion Channels