Popot, J.-L., Althoff, T., Bagnard, D., Banères, J.-L., Bazzacco, P., Billon-Denis, E., Catoire, L.J., Champeil, P.,
Charvolin, D., Cocco, M.J., Crémel, G., Dahmane, T., de la Maza, L.M., Ebel, C., Gabel, F., Giusti, F., Gohon,
Y., Goormaghtigh, E., Guittet, E., Kleinschmidt, J.H., Kühlbrandt, W., Le Bon, C., Martinez, K.L., Picard, M., Pucci,
B., Rappaport, F., Sachs, J.N., Tribet, C., van Heijenoort, C., Wien, F., Zito, F., Zoonens, M. (2011) Amphipols from
A to Z. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 40:379–408.
Popot, J.-L., Berry, E.A., Charvolin, D., Creuzenet, C., Ebel, C., Engelman, D.M., Flötenmeyer, M., Giusti, F., Gohon,
Y., Hervé, P., Hong, Q., Lakey, J.H., Leonard, K., Shuman, H.A., Timmins, P., Warschawski, D.E., Zito, F.,
Zoonens, M., Pucci, B., Tribet, C. (2003) Amphipols: polymeric surfactants for membrane biology research. Cell.
Mol. Life Sci. 60:1559–1574.
Pound, G., Aguesse, F., McLeary, J.B., Lange, R.F.M., Klumperman, B. (2007) Xanthate-mediated copolymerization of
vinyl monomers for amphiphilic and double-hydrophilic block copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol).
Macromolecules 40:8861–8871.
Prata, C., Giusti, F., Gohon, Y., Pucci, B., Popot, J.-L., Tribet, C. (2001) Non-ionic amphiphilic polymers derived from
tris(hydroxymethyl)-acrylamidomethane keep membrane proteins soluble and native in the absence of detergent.
Biopolymers 56:77–84.
Presser, A., Hüfner, A. (2004) Trimethylsilyldiazomethane. A mild and efficient reagent for the methylation of
carboxylic acids and alcohols in natural products. Monatshefte für Chem. Chem. Mon. 135:1015–1022.
Pucci, B., Ragonnet, B., Pavia, A.A. (1988) Télomères et cotélomères d'intérêt biologique et biomédical. II. Synthèse de
télomères galactosylés fluorescents marqueurs potentiels des lectines membranaires. Eur. Polym. J. 24:1087–1091.
Qi, L., Gao, X. (2008) Quantum dot-amphipol nanocomplex for intracellular delivery and real-time imaging of siRNA.
ACS Nano 2:1403–1410.
Qi, L., Wu, L., Zheng, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., Cui, D. (2012) Cell-penetrating magnetic nanoparticles for highly efficient
delivery and intracellular imaging of siRNA. Biomacromolecules 13:2723–2730.
Raffa, P., Wever, D.A.Z., Picchioni, F., Broekhuis, A.A. (2015) Polymeric surfactants: Synthesis, properties, and links to
applications. Chem. Rev. 115:8504–8563.
Rajesh, S., Knowles, T.J., Overduin, M. (2011) Production of membrane proteins without cells or detergents. New
Biotechnol. 28:250–254.
Rane, S.S., Choi, P. (2005) Polydispersity index: How accurately does it measure the breadth of the molecular weight
distribution? Chem. Mater. 17:926–926.
Ringsdorf, H., Venzmer, J., Winnik, F.M. (1991) Fluorescence studies of hydrophobically modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamides) Macromolecules 24:1678–1686.
Rizzardo, E., Solomon, D.H. (2012) On the origins of nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible
addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Aust. J. Chem. 65:945–969.
Roberts, C., Chen, C., Mrksich, M., Martichonok, V., Ingber, D.E., Whitesides, G.M. (1998) Using mixed selfassembled monolayers presenting RGD and (EG) 3 OH groups to characterize long-term attachment of bovine
capillary endothelial cells to surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:6548–6555.
Rossi, N.A.A., Zou, Y., Scott, M.D., Kizhakkedathu, J.N. (2008) RAFT synthesis of acrylic copolymers containing poly
(ethylene glycol) and dioxolane functional groups: Toward well-defined aldehyde-containing copolymers for
bioconjugation. Macromolecules 41:5272–5282.
Roy, K.K., Pramanick, D., Palit, S.R. (1972) Application of dye techniques in the study of chain-transfer properties of
thiols. Makromol. Chem. 153:71–80.
Ruzette, A.-V., Leibler, L. (2005) Block copolymers in tomorrow’s plastics. Nat. Mater. 4:19–31.
Sahu, I.D., McCarrick, R.M., Troxel, K.R., Zhang, R., Smith, H.J., Dunagan, M.M., Swartz, M.S., Rajan, P.V., Kroncke,
B.M., Sanders, C.R., Lorigan, G.A. (2013) DEER EPR measurements for membrane protein structures via bifunctional spin labels and lipodisq nanoparticles. Biochemistry 52:6627–6632.
Sanders, C.R., Prosser, R.S. (1998) Bicelles: a model membrane system for all seasons? Structure 6:1227–1234.
Sarrazin-Cartalas, A., Iliopoulos, I., Audebert, R., Olsson, U. (1994) Association and thermal gelation in mixtures of
hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes and nonionic surfactants. Langmuir 10:1421–1426.
Sauer, A.M., Schlossbauer, A., Ruthardt, N., Cauda, V., Bein, T., Bräuchle, C. (2010) Role of endosomal escape for
disulfide-based drug delivery from colloidal mesoporous silica evaluated by live-cell imaging. Nano Lett.
10:3684–3691.
Sauvage, E., Plucktaveesak, N., Colby, R.H., Amos, D.A., Antalek, B., Schroeder, K.M., Tan, J.S. (2004) Amphiphilic
maleic acid-containing alternating copolymers – 2. Dilute solution characterization by light scattering, intrinsic
viscosity, and PGSE NMR spectroscopy. J. Polym. Sci. 42:3584–3597.
Scheidelaar, S., Koorengevel, M.C., Pardo, J.D., Meeldijk, J.D., Breukink, E., Killian, J.A. (2015) Molecular model for
the solubilization of membranes into nanodisks by styrene maleic acid copolymers. Biophys. J. 108:279–290.
Sebai, S., Cribier, S., Karimi, A., Massotte, D., Tribet, T. (2010) Permeabilisation of lipid membranes and cells by a lightresponsive copolymer. Langmuir 26:14135–14141.
Sebai, S., Milioni, D., Walrant, A., Alves, I., Sagan, S., Huin, C., Auvray, L., Massotte, D., Cribier, S., Tribet, C. (2012)
Photocontrol of the translocation of molecules, peptides, and quantum dots through cell and lipid membranes doped
with azobenzene copolymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51:2132–2136.
234
4 Chemical Structure, Synthesis, and Physical-Chemical Properties of Amphipols
Charvolin, D., Cocco, M.J., Crémel, G., Dahmane, T., de la Maza, L.M., Ebel, C., Gabel, F., Giusti, F., Gohon,
Y., Goormaghtigh, E., Guittet, E., Kleinschmidt, J.H., Kühlbrandt, W., Le Bon, C., Martinez, K.L., Picard, M., Pucci,
B., Rappaport, F., Sachs, J.N., Tribet, C., van Heijenoort, C., Wien, F., Zito, F., Zoonens, M. (2011) Amphipols from
A to Z. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 40:379–408.
Popot, J.-L., Berry, E.A., Charvolin, D., Creuzenet, C., Ebel, C., Engelman, D.M., Flötenmeyer, M., Giusti, F., Gohon,
Y., Hervé, P., Hong, Q., Lakey, J.H., Leonard, K., Shuman, H.A., Timmins, P., Warschawski, D.E., Zito, F.,
Zoonens, M., Pucci, B., Tribet, C. (2003) Amphipols: polymeric surfactants for membrane biology research. Cell.
Mol. Life Sci. 60:1559–1574.
Pound, G., Aguesse, F., McLeary, J.B., Lange, R.F.M., Klumperman, B. (2007) Xanthate-mediated copolymerization of
vinyl monomers for amphiphilic and double-hydrophilic block copolymers with poly(ethylene glycol).
Macromolecules 40:8861–8871.
Prata, C., Giusti, F., Gohon, Y., Pucci, B., Popot, J.-L., Tribet, C. (2001) Non-ionic amphiphilic polymers derived from
tris(hydroxymethyl)-acrylamidomethane keep membrane proteins soluble and native in the absence of detergent.
Biopolymers 56:77–84.
Presser, A., Hüfner, A. (2004) Trimethylsilyldiazomethane. A mild and efficient reagent for the methylation of
carboxylic acids and alcohols in natural products. Monatshefte für Chem. Chem. Mon. 135:1015–1022.
Pucci, B., Ragonnet, B., Pavia, A.A. (1988) Télomères et cotélomères d'intérêt biologique et biomédical. II. Synthèse de
télomères galactosylés fluorescents marqueurs potentiels des lectines membranaires. Eur. Polym. J. 24:1087–1091.
Qi, L., Gao, X. (2008) Quantum dot-amphipol nanocomplex for intracellular delivery and real-time imaging of siRNA.
ACS Nano 2:1403–1410.
Qi, L., Wu, L., Zheng, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., Cui, D. (2012) Cell-penetrating magnetic nanoparticles for highly efficient
delivery and intracellular imaging of siRNA. Biomacromolecules 13:2723–2730.
Raffa, P., Wever, D.A.Z., Picchioni, F., Broekhuis, A.A. (2015) Polymeric surfactants: Synthesis, properties, and links to
applications. Chem. Rev. 115:8504–8563.
Rajesh, S., Knowles, T.J., Overduin, M. (2011) Production of membrane proteins without cells or detergents. New
Biotechnol. 28:250–254.
Rane, S.S., Choi, P. (2005) Polydispersity index: How accurately does it measure the breadth of the molecular weight
distribution? Chem. Mater. 17:926–926.
Ringsdorf, H., Venzmer, J., Winnik, F.M. (1991) Fluorescence studies of hydrophobically modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamides) Macromolecules 24:1678–1686.
Rizzardo, E., Solomon, D.H. (2012) On the origins of nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible
addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Aust. J. Chem. 65:945–969.
Roberts, C., Chen, C., Mrksich, M., Martichonok, V., Ingber, D.E., Whitesides, G.M. (1998) Using mixed selfassembled monolayers presenting RGD and (EG) 3 OH groups to characterize long-term attachment of bovine
capillary endothelial cells to surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120:6548–6555.
Rossi, N.A.A., Zou, Y., Scott, M.D., Kizhakkedathu, J.N. (2008) RAFT synthesis of acrylic copolymers containing poly
(ethylene glycol) and dioxolane functional groups: Toward well-defined aldehyde-containing copolymers for
bioconjugation. Macromolecules 41:5272–5282.
Roy, K.K., Pramanick, D., Palit, S.R. (1972) Application of dye techniques in the study of chain-transfer properties of
thiols. Makromol. Chem. 153:71–80.
Ruzette, A.-V., Leibler, L. (2005) Block copolymers in tomorrow’s plastics. Nat. Mater. 4:19–31.
Sahu, I.D., McCarrick, R.M., Troxel, K.R., Zhang, R., Smith, H.J., Dunagan, M.M., Swartz, M.S., Rajan, P.V., Kroncke,
B.M., Sanders, C.R., Lorigan, G.A. (2013) DEER EPR measurements for membrane protein structures via bifunctional spin labels and lipodisq nanoparticles. Biochemistry 52:6627–6632.
Sanders, C.R., Prosser, R.S. (1998) Bicelles: a model membrane system for all seasons? Structure 6:1227–1234.
Sarrazin-Cartalas, A., Iliopoulos, I., Audebert, R., Olsson, U. (1994) Association and thermal gelation in mixtures of
hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes and nonionic surfactants. Langmuir 10:1421–1426.
Sauer, A.M., Schlossbauer, A., Ruthardt, N., Cauda, V., Bein, T., Bräuchle, C. (2010) Role of endosomal escape for
disulfide-based drug delivery from colloidal mesoporous silica evaluated by live-cell imaging. Nano Lett.
10:3684–3691.
Sauvage, E., Plucktaveesak, N., Colby, R.H., Amos, D.A., Antalek, B., Schroeder, K.M., Tan, J.S. (2004) Amphiphilic
maleic acid-containing alternating copolymers – 2. Dilute solution characterization by light scattering, intrinsic
viscosity, and PGSE NMR spectroscopy. J. Polym. Sci. 42:3584–3597.
Scheidelaar, S., Koorengevel, M.C., Pardo, J.D., Meeldijk, J.D., Breukink, E., Killian, J.A. (2015) Molecular model for
the solubilization of membranes into nanodisks by styrene maleic acid copolymers. Biophys. J. 108:279–290.
Sebai, S., Cribier, S., Karimi, A., Massotte, D., Tribet, T. (2010) Permeabilisation of lipid membranes and cells by a lightresponsive copolymer. Langmuir 26:14135–14141.
Sebai, S., Milioni, D., Walrant, A., Alves, I., Sagan, S., Huin, C., Auvray, L., Massotte, D., Cribier, S., Tribet, C. (2012)
Photocontrol of the translocation of molecules, peptides, and quantum dots through cell and lipid membranes doped
with azobenzene copolymers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51:2132–2136.
234
4 Chemical Structure, Synthesis, and Physical-Chemical Properties of Amphipols