2.8 Patch Clamp Technique and Membrane Potential
in Single Channel of a Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Methods for Physical Properties of Biomembranes and Cells . . . . . . 29
3.1
Application of Physical Method to Study of Structure
and Physical Properties of Biomembranes and Cells . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2
X-ray Crystallography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.1
Principle of X-ray Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3
Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5
Measurement of Density, (Dilatometer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.6
Magnetic Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.6.1
Electron Magnetic Resonance (ESR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.6.2
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.6.3
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.7
Fluorescence Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.7.1
Fluorescence Polarization Anisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.7.2
Fluorescence Photo-Bleaching Recovery (FPR) . . . . . . . 47
3.7.3
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) . . . . . 48
3.7.4
Microscopic Imaging of Physical Property
of Biomembranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.7.5
Optical Microscopy Using Evanescent-Field . . . . . . . . . 50
3.8
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.9
Optical trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.10 Outlook of Molecular Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4 Structure and Physical Properties of Biomembranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1 Structure of Biomembranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2 Phase Transition of Lipid Bilayer Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3 Phase Separation of Lipid Bilayer Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5 Structure and Function of Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.1 History of Protein Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Determination of Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins . . . . . . 72
5.3 Basic Concept of Enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.4 Chemical Reaction and Kinetics of Enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.4.1
Chemical Reaction and Enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.4.2
Kinetics of Reactions Mediated by Enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.5 Regulation of Enzyme Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.5.1
Control of Enzyme Amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.5.2
Control of Enzyme Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.5.3
Allosteric Regulation of Enzyme Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
x
Contents