Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Functionalized Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3
3 Metal Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1 Gold Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Silica Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 Liposomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.6 Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.7 Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4 Chitosan-Based Functional Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5 Applications of Chitosan-Based Functionalized Nanomaterials: Biomedical and Industrial
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 34
6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1 Introduction
Nanosized or nanostructured materials, commonly known as nanomaterials, are the
backbone of nanotechnology and nanoscience. They have unique physicochemical
properties compared with the bulk materials of the same composition and have been
demonstrated to be capable of changing their properties and applications.
Nanomaterials are a “minute discrete entity with at least one dimension being
100 nm or less” [1]. Nanomaterials are mostly found as: (1) carbon-based
nanomaterials that consist of carbon atoms and can possess different nanostructures,
e.g., single-walled or multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, and fullerene.
(2) Metallic nanomaterials, which can consist of nanomaterials of metals, transition
metals and their compounds or composites, e.g., gold, iron oxide, silver, silica, and
quantum dots. (3) Silicon nanomaterials, which are mainly composed of silicon
and its compounds, e.g., silicon or silica nanoparticles. (4) Organic nanomaterials,
which are formed via the agglomeration or assembly of organic molecules,
e.g., dendrimers, polymers biomolecules, or biomacromolecules Nanomaterials
with size <50 nm can enter most cells without any difficulty. When nanomaterials
are <20 nm, they can enter the human body and can be used in the treatment of
various diseases, including cancer, human immunodeficiency syndrome, viral infection, and central nervous system disorders, because most disease processes occur
at the molecular and cellular levels. Further, the ideal imaging resolution is in
nanometers because most biological processes take place on this length scale.
Therefore, the functionalization of nanoparticles and nanomaterials and their use
in biomedical and pharmaceutical industries is of great interest. Functionalization
involves the design and development of novel functional nanomaterials such as
multifunctional liposomal [2], functionalized fullerenes [3, 4], functionalized
nanotubes [5], functionalized nanoparticles [6], polymeric micelles [7], dendrimers
[8], nanoshells [9], and polymeric microspheres [10]. Both academic communities
2
P. Dutta et al.
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Functionalized Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3
3 Metal Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1 Gold Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Silica Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 Liposomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.6 Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.7 Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4 Chitosan-Based Functional Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5 Applications of Chitosan-Based Functionalized Nanomaterials: Biomedical and Industrial
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 34
6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1 Introduction
Nanosized or nanostructured materials, commonly known as nanomaterials, are the
backbone of nanotechnology and nanoscience. They have unique physicochemical
properties compared with the bulk materials of the same composition and have been
demonstrated to be capable of changing their properties and applications.
Nanomaterials are a “minute discrete entity with at least one dimension being
100 nm or less” [1]. Nanomaterials are mostly found as: (1) carbon-based
nanomaterials that consist of carbon atoms and can possess different nanostructures,
e.g., single-walled or multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, and fullerene.
(2) Metallic nanomaterials, which can consist of nanomaterials of metals, transition
metals and their compounds or composites, e.g., gold, iron oxide, silver, silica, and
quantum dots. (3) Silicon nanomaterials, which are mainly composed of silicon
and its compounds, e.g., silicon or silica nanoparticles. (4) Organic nanomaterials,
which are formed via the agglomeration or assembly of organic molecules,
e.g., dendrimers, polymers biomolecules, or biomacromolecules Nanomaterials
with size <50 nm can enter most cells without any difficulty. When nanomaterials
are <20 nm, they can enter the human body and can be used in the treatment of
various diseases, including cancer, human immunodeficiency syndrome, viral infection, and central nervous system disorders, because most disease processes occur
at the molecular and cellular levels. Further, the ideal imaging resolution is in
nanometers because most biological processes take place on this length scale.
Therefore, the functionalization of nanoparticles and nanomaterials and their use
in biomedical and pharmaceutical industries is of great interest. Functionalization
involves the design and development of novel functional nanomaterials such as
multifunctional liposomal [2], functionalized fullerenes [3, 4], functionalized
nanotubes [5], functionalized nanoparticles [6], polymeric micelles [7], dendrimers
[8], nanoshells [9], and polymeric microspheres [10]. Both academic communities
2
P. Dutta et al.