2.4 Ethylene Polymerization with Supported BIP FeCl 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
2.5 Nanocomposites by BIP FeCl 2 Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
3 Summary, Conclusions, Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Abbreviations
a.u.
Arbitrary units
BI
R2 P
Bis(iminoaryl)pyridyl with R as the ortho substituent of the iminoaryl
moiety
C p
Number of iron carrying alkyl chains
DIBAL
Di-isobutyl aluminum hydride
d-MAO
Dry MAO, MAO liberated from AlMe 3
DRIFT
Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
EBMAG Ethyl butyl magnesium
EtOH
Ethanol
k p
Rate constant for ethylene insertion in a iron alkyl bond
MAO
Methyl aluminoxane as the hydrolysis product of AlMe 3
Me
Methyl substituent
MMAO
Modified MAO, containing methyl and t-butyl groups
M n
Number average molecular weight
M w
Weight average molecular weight
PDI
Polydispersity index (M w /M n )
SEM
Scanning electron microscopy
TEAO
Tetraethyl aluminoxane
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
TEOS
Tetraethoxy silane
TIBA
Triisobutyl aluminum
TMA
Trimethyl aluminum
1 Introduction
1.1 Polyolefins: Polymerization and Properties
The discovery of chromium (molybdenum) and titanium catalysts for the “low”
pressure synthesis of polyethylene in the mid-1950s was a milestone in the preparation of plastics [1, 2]. Research efforts in the area have been greatly directed
toward several “commercial” goals that comprise low production cost, which is
related to an efficient process chain, and an appropriate property profile, which is
related to a market requirement and/or an application [3]. The use of a supported
catalyst that allows steering of the morphology of the product is an essential part
of the production process [3, 4]. The property profile of polyolefins can be substantially extended by dispersion of fillers into the material (http://www.matweb.com/).
342
R.S.A. Meyer and G.A. Luinstra
2.5 Nanocomposites by BIP FeCl 2 Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
3 Summary, Conclusions, Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Abbreviations
a.u.
Arbitrary units
BI
R2 P
Bis(iminoaryl)pyridyl with R as the ortho substituent of the iminoaryl
moiety
C p
Number of iron carrying alkyl chains
DIBAL
Di-isobutyl aluminum hydride
d-MAO
Dry MAO, MAO liberated from AlMe 3
DRIFT
Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
EBMAG Ethyl butyl magnesium
EtOH
Ethanol
k p
Rate constant for ethylene insertion in a iron alkyl bond
MAO
Methyl aluminoxane as the hydrolysis product of AlMe 3
Me
Methyl substituent
MMAO
Modified MAO, containing methyl and t-butyl groups
M n
Number average molecular weight
M w
Weight average molecular weight
PDI
Polydispersity index (M w /M n )
SEM
Scanning electron microscopy
TEAO
Tetraethyl aluminoxane
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
TEOS
Tetraethoxy silane
TIBA
Triisobutyl aluminum
TMA
Trimethyl aluminum
1 Introduction
1.1 Polyolefins: Polymerization and Properties
The discovery of chromium (molybdenum) and titanium catalysts for the “low”
pressure synthesis of polyethylene in the mid-1950s was a milestone in the preparation of plastics [1, 2]. Research efforts in the area have been greatly directed
toward several “commercial” goals that comprise low production cost, which is
related to an efficient process chain, and an appropriate property profile, which is
related to a market requirement and/or an application [3]. The use of a supported
catalyst that allows steering of the morphology of the product is an essential part
of the production process [3, 4]. The property profile of polyolefins can be substantially extended by dispersion of fillers into the material (http://www.matweb.com/).
342
R.S.A. Meyer and G.A. Luinstra