5 Techniques Used for the Characterization of Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
6 Methods of Nanocomposite Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.1 Polyolefin/Clay Nanocomposites by In Situ Polymerization of Olefins with a
Coordination Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
7 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Abbreviations
ATRP
Atom transfer radical polymerization
CEC
Cation-exchange capacity
CGC
Constrained geometry catalysts
DSC
Differential scanning calorimetry
FTIR
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
MAO
Methylaluminoxane
MMA
Methylmethacrylate
MMT
Montmorillonite
Ni(acac) 2 Nickel(II) acetylacetonate
NMP
Nitrous oxide-mediated living radical polymerization
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
OMMT
Organically modified montmorillonite
PE
Polyethylene
PLS
Polymer-layered silicate
PMMA
Poly(methylmethacrylate)
PP
Polypropylene
RAFT
Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
ROMP
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization
ROP
Ring opening polymerization
SAXS
Small-angle X-ray scattering
TEA
Triethylaluminum
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
T g
Glass transition temperature
thf
Polytetrahydrofuran
TIBA
Tri(isobutyl)aluminum
TMA
Trimethylaluminum
WAXD
Wide angle X-ray diffraction
XRD
X-ray diffraction
1 Introduction
Interaction between inorganic layered materials and organic substances has
attracted increasing interest from both scientific and industrial perspectives. The
ability of clay minerals to induce or activate the polymerization of various unsaturated organic monomers has been known since the 1940s. During the early stage
312
N.H. Tarte et al.
6 Methods of Nanocomposite Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.1 Polyolefin/Clay Nanocomposites by In Situ Polymerization of Olefins with a
Coordination Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
7 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Abbreviations
ATRP
Atom transfer radical polymerization
CEC
Cation-exchange capacity
CGC
Constrained geometry catalysts
DSC
Differential scanning calorimetry
FTIR
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
MAO
Methylaluminoxane
MMA
Methylmethacrylate
MMT
Montmorillonite
Ni(acac) 2 Nickel(II) acetylacetonate
NMP
Nitrous oxide-mediated living radical polymerization
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
OMMT
Organically modified montmorillonite
PE
Polyethylene
PLS
Polymer-layered silicate
PMMA
Poly(methylmethacrylate)
PP
Polypropylene
RAFT
Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
ROMP
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization
ROP
Ring opening polymerization
SAXS
Small-angle X-ray scattering
TEA
Triethylaluminum
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
T g
Glass transition temperature
thf
Polytetrahydrofuran
TIBA
Tri(isobutyl)aluminum
TMA
Trimethylaluminum
WAXD
Wide angle X-ray diffraction
XRD
X-ray diffraction
1 Introduction
Interaction between inorganic layered materials and organic substances has
attracted increasing interest from both scientific and industrial perspectives. The
ability of clay minerals to induce or activate the polymerization of various unsaturated organic monomers has been known since the 1940s. During the early stage
312
N.H. Tarte et al.