We have seen that a low concentration (a few mol%) of OH polar groups and
crosslinking sites in PP can significantly increase energy density and breakdown
strength without altering desirable dielectric properties.
References
1. Natta G, Mazzanti G, Longi P, Bernardini F (1958) Isotactic polymers of silicon-containing
vinyl monomers. J Polym Sci 31:181
2. Lal J (1958) Polymerization of vinyl ethers by Ziegler catalysts. J Polym Sci 31:179
3. Chung TC (2002) Functionalization of polyolefins. Academic, London
4. Boor J Jr (1979) Ziegler–Natta catalysts and polymerizations. Academic, London
5. Heller J, Tszen DO, Parkinson DB (1963) Polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole with Zieglertype catalyst systems. J Polym Sci 1:125
6. Hopkins E, Miller ML (1963) Polymerization of t-butyl acrylate in the presence of n-butyl
lithium and titanium tetrachloride. Polymer 4:75
7. Bacskai R (1965) Copolymerization of α-olefins with ω-Halo-α-olefins by use of Ziegler
Catalysts. J Polym Sci 3:2491
8. Clark KJ, Powell T (1965) Polymers of halogen-substituted 1-olefins. Polymer 6:531
9. Purgett MD, Vogl O (1988) Polymerization of w-alkenoate derivatives. J Polym Sci A Polym
Chem 26:677
10. Johnson LK, Killian CM, Brookhart M (1995) New Pd(II)- and Ni(II)-based catalysts for
polymerization of ethylene and α-olefins. J Am Chem Soc 117:6414
11. Johnson LK, Mecking S, Brookhart M (1996) Copolymerization of ethylene and propylene
with functionalized vinyl monomers by palladium(ii) catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 118:267
12. Correia SG, Marques MM, Ascenso JR, Ribeiro AFG, Gomes PT, Dias AR, Blais M, Rausch
MD, Chien JCW (1999) Polymerization with TMA-protected polar vinyl comonomers.
II. Catalyzed by nickel complexes containing α-diimine-type ligands. J Polym Sci A Polym
Chem 37:2471
13. Singh RP (1992) Surface grafting onto polypropylene – a survey of recent developments. Prog
Polym Sci 17:251
14. Jagur-Grodzinski J (1992) Modification of polymers under heterogeneous conditions. Prog
Polym Sci 17:361
15. Winter M, Brodd RJ (2004) What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chem Rev
104:4245
16. Sarjeant WJ (1989) Advanced power sources for space missions, NAS-NRC (EEB) committee
on advanced spaced based high power technologies. National Academy Press, Washington
17. Sarjeant W, Zirnheld JJ, MacDougall FW (1998) Capacitors. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 26:1368
18. Reed CW, Cichanowski SW (1994) The fundamentals of aging in HV polymer-film capacitors.
IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 1:904
19. Sarjeant WJ, MacDougall FW, Larson DW (1997) Energy storage in polymer laminate
structures-ageing and diagnostic approaches for life validation. IEEE Electr Insul Mag 13:20
20. Rabuffi M, Picci G (2002) Status quo and future prospects for metallized polypropylene energy
storage capacitors. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 30:1939
21. Picci G, Rabuffi M (2000) Pulse handling capability of energy storage metallized film
capacitors. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 28:1603
22. Wang Z, Zhang ZC, Chung TC (2006) High dielectric VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymers prepared
by hydrogenation of VDF/CTFE copolymers; synthesis and characterization. Macromolecules
39:4268
23. Zhang ZC, Chung TC (2007) Fluoro-terpolymer based capacitors having high energy density,
low energy loss, and high pulsed charge-discharge cycles. Macromolecules 40:783
Functional Polyolefins: Synthesis and Energy Storage Applications
275
crosslinking sites in PP can significantly increase energy density and breakdown
strength without altering desirable dielectric properties.
References
1. Natta G, Mazzanti G, Longi P, Bernardini F (1958) Isotactic polymers of silicon-containing
vinyl monomers. J Polym Sci 31:181
2. Lal J (1958) Polymerization of vinyl ethers by Ziegler catalysts. J Polym Sci 31:179
3. Chung TC (2002) Functionalization of polyolefins. Academic, London
4. Boor J Jr (1979) Ziegler–Natta catalysts and polymerizations. Academic, London
5. Heller J, Tszen DO, Parkinson DB (1963) Polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole with Zieglertype catalyst systems. J Polym Sci 1:125
6. Hopkins E, Miller ML (1963) Polymerization of t-butyl acrylate in the presence of n-butyl
lithium and titanium tetrachloride. Polymer 4:75
7. Bacskai R (1965) Copolymerization of α-olefins with ω-Halo-α-olefins by use of Ziegler
Catalysts. J Polym Sci 3:2491
8. Clark KJ, Powell T (1965) Polymers of halogen-substituted 1-olefins. Polymer 6:531
9. Purgett MD, Vogl O (1988) Polymerization of w-alkenoate derivatives. J Polym Sci A Polym
Chem 26:677
10. Johnson LK, Killian CM, Brookhart M (1995) New Pd(II)- and Ni(II)-based catalysts for
polymerization of ethylene and α-olefins. J Am Chem Soc 117:6414
11. Johnson LK, Mecking S, Brookhart M (1996) Copolymerization of ethylene and propylene
with functionalized vinyl monomers by palladium(ii) catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 118:267
12. Correia SG, Marques MM, Ascenso JR, Ribeiro AFG, Gomes PT, Dias AR, Blais M, Rausch
MD, Chien JCW (1999) Polymerization with TMA-protected polar vinyl comonomers.
II. Catalyzed by nickel complexes containing α-diimine-type ligands. J Polym Sci A Polym
Chem 37:2471
13. Singh RP (1992) Surface grafting onto polypropylene – a survey of recent developments. Prog
Polym Sci 17:251
14. Jagur-Grodzinski J (1992) Modification of polymers under heterogeneous conditions. Prog
Polym Sci 17:361
15. Winter M, Brodd RJ (2004) What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chem Rev
104:4245
16. Sarjeant WJ (1989) Advanced power sources for space missions, NAS-NRC (EEB) committee
on advanced spaced based high power technologies. National Academy Press, Washington
17. Sarjeant W, Zirnheld JJ, MacDougall FW (1998) Capacitors. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 26:1368
18. Reed CW, Cichanowski SW (1994) The fundamentals of aging in HV polymer-film capacitors.
IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 1:904
19. Sarjeant WJ, MacDougall FW, Larson DW (1997) Energy storage in polymer laminate
structures-ageing and diagnostic approaches for life validation. IEEE Electr Insul Mag 13:20
20. Rabuffi M, Picci G (2002) Status quo and future prospects for metallized polypropylene energy
storage capacitors. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 30:1939
21. Picci G, Rabuffi M (2000) Pulse handling capability of energy storage metallized film
capacitors. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 28:1603
22. Wang Z, Zhang ZC, Chung TC (2006) High dielectric VDF/TrFE/CTFE terpolymers prepared
by hydrogenation of VDF/CTFE copolymers; synthesis and characterization. Macromolecules
39:4268
23. Zhang ZC, Chung TC (2007) Fluoro-terpolymer based capacitors having high energy density,
low energy loss, and high pulsed charge-discharge cycles. Macromolecules 40:783
Functional Polyolefins: Synthesis and Energy Storage Applications
275