No matter what the real causes behind the increased site epimerization rate in
heterogeneous polymerization might be, the major challenge to s-PP resins becoming
commodity products is the development of a heterogeneous catalyst system that does
not trigger the mechanisms responsible for the acceleration of site epimerization
processes. While waiting for this development, there exist two options for
circumventing this dilemma in the short- or medium-term. Either operate the plant
at lower temperatures and/or select the solution process as the technology of choice
for the production of s-PP so that the heterogenization step becomes redundant. The
first option will lead naturally to higher production costs and the second requires
complete revision of the process conditions for the companies owning the
technology.
References
1. Natta G, Pasquon I, Zambelli A (1962) J Am Chem Soc 84:1488
2. Natta G (1956) Chim Ind 38:751–765 (Chem. Abstr. 1957, 57, 11063)
3. Natta G (1960) Macromol Chem 35:94–131
4. Natta G, Pino P, Mazzanti G (1957) Gazz Chem Ital 87:528–548 (Chem. Abstr. 57, 88347)
5. Natta G, Corradini P, Ganis P (1960) Makromol Chem 39:238
6. Natta G, Pasquon I, Corradini P, Peraldo M, Pegoraro M, Zambelli (1960) A Atti Accad Nazl
Lincei Rend Classe Sci Fis Mat Nat 28:539
7. Natta G, Pasquon I, Corradini P, Peraldo M, Pegoraro M, Zambelli A (1961) Rend Acc Naz
Lincei 8(28): 539
8. Corradini P, Natta G, Ganis P, Temussi PA (1967) J Polym Sci C 16:2477
9. Natta G, Peraldo M, Allegra G (1964) Makromol Chem 75:215
10. Zambelli A, Gatti G, Sacchi C, Crain WO Jr, Roberts JD (1971) Macromolecules 4:45–477
11. Bovey FA, Sacchi MC, Zambelli A (1974) Macromolecules 7:752–754
12. Zambelli A, Tosi C, Sacchi C (1972) Macromolecules 5:649–654
13. Zambelli A, Wlofsgruber C, Zannoni G, Bovey FA (1974) Macromolecules 7:750–752
14. Zambelli A, Natta G, Pasquon I (1964) J Polym Sci 4:411
15. Zambelli A, Longo P, Terenghi S, Recupero D, Zannoni G (2000) J Mol Catal A 152:25–31
16. Lehr MH (1967) Macromolecules 1:178–184
17. Zambelli A, Sessa I, Grisi F, Fusco R, Accomazzi P (2001) Macromol Rapid Commun
22(5):297
18. Ewen JA, Jones LR, Razavi A, Ferrara JJ (1988) J Am Chem Soc 110:6255
19. Razavi A, Ferrara JJ (1992) J Organomet Chem 435:299
20. Razavi A, Atwood JA (1993) J Organomet Chem 459:117
21. Razavi A, Thewalt U (1993) J Organomet Chem 445:111
22. Razavi A, Ewen JA (2001) Syndiotactic polypropylene. Patent US 6,184,326, Fina Technology, Inc
23. Ewen JA, Razavi A (1995) Highly crystalline syndiotactic polypropylene. Patent US
5,476,914, Fina Technology, Inc
24. Razavi A, Ewen JA (1994) Patent US 5,334,677, Fina Technology, Inc
25. Ewen JA, Razavi A (1990) Process and catalyst for producing syndiotactic polyolefins. Patent
US 4,892,851, Fina Technology, Inc
26. Elder MJ, Razavi A, Ewen JA (1993) Patent US 5,225,500, Fina Technology, Inc
27. Elder MJ, Razavi A, Ewen JA (1992) Patent US 5,155,080, Fina Technology, Inc
110
A. Razavi
heterogeneous polymerization might be, the major challenge to s-PP resins becoming
commodity products is the development of a heterogeneous catalyst system that does
not trigger the mechanisms responsible for the acceleration of site epimerization
processes. While waiting for this development, there exist two options for
circumventing this dilemma in the short- or medium-term. Either operate the plant
at lower temperatures and/or select the solution process as the technology of choice
for the production of s-PP so that the heterogenization step becomes redundant. The
first option will lead naturally to higher production costs and the second requires
complete revision of the process conditions for the companies owning the
technology.
References
1. Natta G, Pasquon I, Zambelli A (1962) J Am Chem Soc 84:1488
2. Natta G (1956) Chim Ind 38:751–765 (Chem. Abstr. 1957, 57, 11063)
3. Natta G (1960) Macromol Chem 35:94–131
4. Natta G, Pino P, Mazzanti G (1957) Gazz Chem Ital 87:528–548 (Chem. Abstr. 57, 88347)
5. Natta G, Corradini P, Ganis P (1960) Makromol Chem 39:238
6. Natta G, Pasquon I, Corradini P, Peraldo M, Pegoraro M, Zambelli (1960) A Atti Accad Nazl
Lincei Rend Classe Sci Fis Mat Nat 28:539
7. Natta G, Pasquon I, Corradini P, Peraldo M, Pegoraro M, Zambelli A (1961) Rend Acc Naz
Lincei 8(28): 539
8. Corradini P, Natta G, Ganis P, Temussi PA (1967) J Polym Sci C 16:2477
9. Natta G, Peraldo M, Allegra G (1964) Makromol Chem 75:215
10. Zambelli A, Gatti G, Sacchi C, Crain WO Jr, Roberts JD (1971) Macromolecules 4:45–477
11. Bovey FA, Sacchi MC, Zambelli A (1974) Macromolecules 7:752–754
12. Zambelli A, Tosi C, Sacchi C (1972) Macromolecules 5:649–654
13. Zambelli A, Wlofsgruber C, Zannoni G, Bovey FA (1974) Macromolecules 7:750–752
14. Zambelli A, Natta G, Pasquon I (1964) J Polym Sci 4:411
15. Zambelli A, Longo P, Terenghi S, Recupero D, Zannoni G (2000) J Mol Catal A 152:25–31
16. Lehr MH (1967) Macromolecules 1:178–184
17. Zambelli A, Sessa I, Grisi F, Fusco R, Accomazzi P (2001) Macromol Rapid Commun
22(5):297
18. Ewen JA, Jones LR, Razavi A, Ferrara JJ (1988) J Am Chem Soc 110:6255
19. Razavi A, Ferrara JJ (1992) J Organomet Chem 435:299
20. Razavi A, Atwood JA (1993) J Organomet Chem 459:117
21. Razavi A, Thewalt U (1993) J Organomet Chem 445:111
22. Razavi A, Ewen JA (2001) Syndiotactic polypropylene. Patent US 6,184,326, Fina Technology, Inc
23. Ewen JA, Razavi A (1995) Highly crystalline syndiotactic polypropylene. Patent US
5,476,914, Fina Technology, Inc
24. Razavi A, Ewen JA (1994) Patent US 5,334,677, Fina Technology, Inc
25. Ewen JA, Razavi A (1990) Process and catalyst for producing syndiotactic polyolefins. Patent
US 4,892,851, Fina Technology, Inc
26. Elder MJ, Razavi A, Ewen JA (1993) Patent US 5,225,500, Fina Technology, Inc
27. Elder MJ, Razavi A, Ewen JA (1992) Patent US 5,155,080, Fina Technology, Inc
110
A. Razavi