3.1 Homopolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Copolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 Polyolefin Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 23
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Abbreviations
Ac
Acetyl
Bu
Butyl
CNF
Carbon nanofiber
Cp
Cyclopentadienyl
Cp*
Pentamethyl cyclopentadienyl
En
Ethylidene
Et
Ethyl
Flu
Fluorenyl
Ind
Indenyl
IndH 4
Tetrahydro indenyl
MAO
Methylaluminoxan
Me
Methyl
M w /M n
Molecular weight distribution
MWCNT Multiwalled carbon nanotube
Naph
Naphthyl
NmCp
Neomenthyl cyclopentadienyl
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
PE
Polyethylene
Ph
Phenyl
PP
Polypropylene
tBu
Tertiary-butyl
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
TIBA
Triisobuthyl aluminum
TMA
Trimethylaluminum
1 Introduction
Shortly after the discovery of the polymerization catalyst by Ziegler [1], in 1957
Breslow [2] and Natta [3] used the newly synthesized titanocene as a transition
metal component in combination with aluminum alkyls for the polymerization of
ethene. Compared with the heterogeneous Ziegler catalyst based on titanium tetrachloride or titanium trichloride and triethylaluminum, the titanocene/Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl
catalyst is homogeneous and soluble in hydrocarbons. It therefore was preferentially
studied in order to understand the elementary steps of the polymerization, which is
simpler in homogeneous than in heterogeneous systems. On the other hand, there was
2
W. Kaminsky and H. Sinn
3.2 Copolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 Polyolefin Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 23
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Abbreviations
Ac
Acetyl
Bu
Butyl
CNF
Carbon nanofiber
Cp
Cyclopentadienyl
Cp*
Pentamethyl cyclopentadienyl
En
Ethylidene
Et
Ethyl
Flu
Fluorenyl
Ind
Indenyl
IndH 4
Tetrahydro indenyl
MAO
Methylaluminoxan
Me
Methyl
M w /M n
Molecular weight distribution
MWCNT Multiwalled carbon nanotube
Naph
Naphthyl
NmCp
Neomenthyl cyclopentadienyl
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
PE
Polyethylene
Ph
Phenyl
PP
Polypropylene
tBu
Tertiary-butyl
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
TIBA
Triisobuthyl aluminum
TMA
Trimethylaluminum
1 Introduction
Shortly after the discovery of the polymerization catalyst by Ziegler [1], in 1957
Breslow [2] and Natta [3] used the newly synthesized titanocene as a transition
metal component in combination with aluminum alkyls for the polymerization of
ethene. Compared with the heterogeneous Ziegler catalyst based on titanium tetrachloride or titanium trichloride and triethylaluminum, the titanocene/Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl
catalyst is homogeneous and soluble in hydrocarbons. It therefore was preferentially
studied in order to understand the elementary steps of the polymerization, which is
simpler in homogeneous than in heterogeneous systems. On the other hand, there was
2
W. Kaminsky and H. Sinn