– What other impurities degrade BHJ function under the conditions of heat, light,
electric field, and mechanical stress.
– What electrode materials are flexible, transparent, low resistance, and provide
greater device longevity
– How to fabricate multiple BHJ layers in series (which is difficult due to the
problem of dissolving previously deposited layers.)
The future of OPV research is bright and active, but the challenges that remain
require continued increases in our understanding of the device complexity. Measurements will be even harder, because we will be searching for the low concentration impurity states (at 1 ppt to 1 ppm) that degrade device function, rather than
assuming that these impurities either do not exist or are not important.
References
1. Allan RP, Soden BJ (2008) Science 321:1481–1484
2. Emanuel K (2005) Nature 436:686–688
3. Webster PJ, Holland GJ, Curry JA, Chang HR (2005) Science 309:1844–1846
4. Wentz FJ, Ricciardulli L, Hilburn K, Mears C (2007) Science 317:233–235
5. Shrotriya V, Li G, Yao Y, Moriarty T, Emery K, Yang Y (2006) Adv Funct Mater 16:2016–
2023
6. Reese MO, Gevorgyan SA, Jorgensen M, Bundgaard E, Kurtz SR, Ginley DS, Olson DC,
Lloyd MT, Moryillo P, Katz EA, Elschner A, Haillant O, Currier TR, Shrotriya V,
Hermenau M, Riede M, Kirov KR, Trimmel G, Rath T, Inganas O, Zhang F, Andersson M,
Tvingstedt K, Lira-Cantu M, Laird D, McGuiness C, Gowrisanker S, Pannone M, Xiao M,
Hauch J, Steim R, DeLongchamp DM, Roesch R, Hoppe H, Espinosa N, Urbina A, YamanUzunoglu G, Bonekamp J-B, van Breemen AJJM, Girotto C, Voroshazi E, Krebs FC (2011)
Sol Energ Mat Sol C 95:1253–1267
7. Shockley W, Queisser HJ (1961) J Appl Phys 32:510–519
8. Peumans P, Yakimov A, Forrest SR (2003) J Appl Phys 93:3693–3723
9. Veldman D, Meskers SCJ, Janssen RAJ (2009) Adv Funct Mater 19:1939–1948
10. Scharber MC, Wuhlbacher D, Koppe M, Denk P, Waldauf C, Heeger AJ, Brabec CL (2006)
Adv Mater 18:789–794
11. Koster LJA, Mihailetchi VD, Blom PWM (2006) Appl Phys Lett 88:093511
12. SolarServer.com (2012) Organic photovoltaics: Polyera reaches 9.1% efficiency with a polymer/fullerene cell. http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/archive-2012/2012/
kw05/organic-photovoltaics-polyera-reaches-91-efficiency-with-a-polymerfullerene-cell.html
(accessed 2 July 2014)
13. Krebs FC (2008) Polymer photovoltaics: a practical approach. SPIE, Bellingham
14. Krebs FC, Fyenbo J, Tanenbaum DM, Gevorgyan SA, Andriessen R, van Remoortere B,
Galagan Y, Jorgensen M (2011) Energy Environ Sci 4:4116–4123
15. Krebs FC, Gevorgyan SA, Alstrup J (2009) J Mater Chem 19:5442–5451
16. Krebs FC (2009) Org Electron 10:761–768
17. Krebs FC (2009) Sol Energ Mat Sol C 93:394–412
18. Krebs FC (2009) Sol Energ Mat Sol C 93:465–475
19. Krebs FC, Jorgensen M, Norrman K, Hagemann O, Alstrup J, Nielsen TD, Fyenbo J,
Larsen K, Kristensen J (2009) Sol Energ Mat Sol C 93:422–441
20. Shaheen SE, Radspinner R, Peyghambarian N, Jabbour GE (2001) Appl Phys Lett 79:2996–
2998
226
A.J. Moule ´ et al.
electric field, and mechanical stress.
– What electrode materials are flexible, transparent, low resistance, and provide
greater device longevity
– How to fabricate multiple BHJ layers in series (which is difficult due to the
problem of dissolving previously deposited layers.)
The future of OPV research is bright and active, but the challenges that remain
require continued increases in our understanding of the device complexity. Measurements will be even harder, because we will be searching for the low concentration impurity states (at 1 ppt to 1 ppm) that degrade device function, rather than
assuming that these impurities either do not exist or are not important.
References
1. Allan RP, Soden BJ (2008) Science 321:1481–1484
2. Emanuel K (2005) Nature 436:686–688
3. Webster PJ, Holland GJ, Curry JA, Chang HR (2005) Science 309:1844–1846
4. Wentz FJ, Ricciardulli L, Hilburn K, Mears C (2007) Science 317:233–235
5. Shrotriya V, Li G, Yao Y, Moriarty T, Emery K, Yang Y (2006) Adv Funct Mater 16:2016–
2023
6. Reese MO, Gevorgyan SA, Jorgensen M, Bundgaard E, Kurtz SR, Ginley DS, Olson DC,
Lloyd MT, Moryillo P, Katz EA, Elschner A, Haillant O, Currier TR, Shrotriya V,
Hermenau M, Riede M, Kirov KR, Trimmel G, Rath T, Inganas O, Zhang F, Andersson M,
Tvingstedt K, Lira-Cantu M, Laird D, McGuiness C, Gowrisanker S, Pannone M, Xiao M,
Hauch J, Steim R, DeLongchamp DM, Roesch R, Hoppe H, Espinosa N, Urbina A, YamanUzunoglu G, Bonekamp J-B, van Breemen AJJM, Girotto C, Voroshazi E, Krebs FC (2011)
Sol Energ Mat Sol C 95:1253–1267
7. Shockley W, Queisser HJ (1961) J Appl Phys 32:510–519
8. Peumans P, Yakimov A, Forrest SR (2003) J Appl Phys 93:3693–3723
9. Veldman D, Meskers SCJ, Janssen RAJ (2009) Adv Funct Mater 19:1939–1948
10. Scharber MC, Wuhlbacher D, Koppe M, Denk P, Waldauf C, Heeger AJ, Brabec CL (2006)
Adv Mater 18:789–794
11. Koster LJA, Mihailetchi VD, Blom PWM (2006) Appl Phys Lett 88:093511
12. SolarServer.com (2012) Organic photovoltaics: Polyera reaches 9.1% efficiency with a polymer/fullerene cell. http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/archive-2012/2012/
kw05/organic-photovoltaics-polyera-reaches-91-efficiency-with-a-polymerfullerene-cell.html
(accessed 2 July 2014)
13. Krebs FC (2008) Polymer photovoltaics: a practical approach. SPIE, Bellingham
14. Krebs FC, Fyenbo J, Tanenbaum DM, Gevorgyan SA, Andriessen R, van Remoortere B,
Galagan Y, Jorgensen M (2011) Energy Environ Sci 4:4116–4123
15. Krebs FC, Gevorgyan SA, Alstrup J (2009) J Mater Chem 19:5442–5451
16. Krebs FC (2009) Org Electron 10:761–768
17. Krebs FC (2009) Sol Energ Mat Sol C 93:394–412
18. Krebs FC (2009) Sol Energ Mat Sol C 93:465–475
19. Krebs FC, Jorgensen M, Norrman K, Hagemann O, Alstrup J, Nielsen TD, Fyenbo J,
Larsen K, Kristensen J (2009) Sol Energ Mat Sol C 93:422–441
20. Shaheen SE, Radspinner R, Peyghambarian N, Jabbour GE (2001) Appl Phys Lett 79:2996–
2998
226
A.J. Moule ´ et al.