SDBS
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate
SDS
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
SEN-T
Single edge notched tensile loaded
SH
Sodium humate
SSBR
Solution styrene butadiene rubber
SWCNT
Single walled carbon nanotubes
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
Tg
Glass transition temperature
TiO 2
Titanium dioxide
TRG
Thermally reduced graphene oxide
XNBR
Carboxylated nitrile rubber
1 Introduction
The addition of active fillers (carbon black, modified silica) to a rubber matrix leads
to significant reinforcement of composites. This reinforcement is manifested by an
increase in the toughness, durability of elastomers and, consequently a longer
service life, whereas their elasticity and ability to multiple reversible deformations
caused by stretching remain unchanged. This is mainly due to strong interphase
physico-chemical interactions proceeding in the composite. Filled elastomers are
heterogeneous materials and have a micro structure consisting of spatially
connected clusters. Carbon black and silica are the main fillers used in the
compounding recipes.
Recently Polymer composites based on nano-sized fillers (polymer
nanocomposites) have become one of the most active research fields in polymer
science. The driving force of research in this area is the versatile shape and size of
nano-fillers. The obvious perceptive of the reinforcing effect of nanocomposites is
important in the design of nanomaterials with desirable properties. The reinforcement of spherical fillers is primarily due to hydrodynamic interactions between the
rubber and filler surfaces [1]. Sternstein et al. [2] have found experimentally that the
mechanism for reinforcement in nanocomposites can be attributed to filler matrix
interactions, rather than filler agglomeration or percolation. It was reported that, in
natural rubber (NR)/spherical filler nanocomposites [3] and NR/layered filler
nanocomposites [4], there exists a strong interfacial interaction between the rubber
matrix and the nanofiller. In NR/tubular filler nanocomposites [5], the strong
interfacial bonding between the fillers and the rubber molecules were observed,
and therefore, the tubular fillers can transfer stress effectively throughout the rubber
matrix and play an important role in the reinforcement in NR nanocomposites.
Lopez-Manchado et al. [6] have reports that, in NR-nanoclay vulcanized composites, the presence of nanoclay introduces a dual crystallization mechanism due to
the alignment of layered nanoparticles during stretching of the rubber. The
Non-linear Viscoelastic Behaviour of Rubber-Rubber Blend Composites and. . .
87
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate
SDS
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
SEN-T
Single edge notched tensile loaded
SH
Sodium humate
SSBR
Solution styrene butadiene rubber
SWCNT
Single walled carbon nanotubes
TEM
Transmission electron microscopy
Tg
Glass transition temperature
TiO 2
Titanium dioxide
TRG
Thermally reduced graphene oxide
XNBR
Carboxylated nitrile rubber
1 Introduction
The addition of active fillers (carbon black, modified silica) to a rubber matrix leads
to significant reinforcement of composites. This reinforcement is manifested by an
increase in the toughness, durability of elastomers and, consequently a longer
service life, whereas their elasticity and ability to multiple reversible deformations
caused by stretching remain unchanged. This is mainly due to strong interphase
physico-chemical interactions proceeding in the composite. Filled elastomers are
heterogeneous materials and have a micro structure consisting of spatially
connected clusters. Carbon black and silica are the main fillers used in the
compounding recipes.
Recently Polymer composites based on nano-sized fillers (polymer
nanocomposites) have become one of the most active research fields in polymer
science. The driving force of research in this area is the versatile shape and size of
nano-fillers. The obvious perceptive of the reinforcing effect of nanocomposites is
important in the design of nanomaterials with desirable properties. The reinforcement of spherical fillers is primarily due to hydrodynamic interactions between the
rubber and filler surfaces [1]. Sternstein et al. [2] have found experimentally that the
mechanism for reinforcement in nanocomposites can be attributed to filler matrix
interactions, rather than filler agglomeration or percolation. It was reported that, in
natural rubber (NR)/spherical filler nanocomposites [3] and NR/layered filler
nanocomposites [4], there exists a strong interfacial interaction between the rubber
matrix and the nanofiller. In NR/tubular filler nanocomposites [5], the strong
interfacial bonding between the fillers and the rubber molecules were observed,
and therefore, the tubular fillers can transfer stress effectively throughout the rubber
matrix and play an important role in the reinforcement in NR nanocomposites.
Lopez-Manchado et al. [6] have reports that, in NR-nanoclay vulcanized composites, the presence of nanoclay introduces a dual crystallization mechanism due to
the alignment of layered nanoparticles during stretching of the rubber. The
Non-linear Viscoelastic Behaviour of Rubber-Rubber Blend Composites and. . .
87