41. Varghese S, Karger-Kocsis J (2004) Melt-compounded natural rubber nanocomposites with
pristine and organophilic layered silicates of natural and synthetic origin. J Appl Polym Sci
91:813
42. Zhang H, Wang Y, Wu Y (2005) Study on flammability of montmorillonite/styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR) nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 97:844
43. Kim JT, OhTS LDH (2003) Preparation and characteristics of nitrile rubber (NBR)
nanocomposites based on organophilic layered clay. Polym Int 52:1058
44. Gatos KG, Thomann R, Karger-kocsis J (2004) Characteristics of ethylene propylene diene
monomer rubber/organoclay nanocomposites resulting from different processing conditions
and formulations. Polym Int 53:1191
45. Tien Y, Wei K (2001) Hydrogen bonding and mechanical properties in segmented montmorillonite/polyurethane nanocomposites of different hard segment ratios. Polymer 42(7):3213–3221
46. Strankowski M, Strankowska J, Gazda M, Piszczyk Ł, Nowaczyk G, Jurga S (2012) Thermoplastic polyurethane/(organically modified montmorillonite) nanocomposites produced by in
situ polymerization. Exp Polym Lett 6(8):610–619
47. Pan G, Mark JE, Schaefer DW (2003) Synthesis and characterization of fillers of controlled
structure based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane cages and their use in reinforcing
siloxane elastomers. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 41(24):3314–3323
48. Kraus GJ (1984) Mechanical losses in carbon black filled rubbers. J Appl Polym Sci Appl
Polym Symp 39:75–92
49. Casalini R, Bogoslovov R, Qadri SB, Roland CM (2012) Nanofiller reinforcement of elastomeric polyurea. Polymer 53(6):1282–1287
50. Meera AP, Said S, Grohens Y, Thomas S (2009) Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of silica-filled
natural rubber nanocomposites. J Phys Chem C 113(42):17997–18002
51. Maier PG, Go ¨ritz D (1996) Molecular interpretation on the Payne effect. Kautsch Gummi
Kunstst 49:18–22
52. Peng CC, Go ¨pfert A, Drechsler M, Abetz V (2005) “Smart” silica-rubber nanocomposites in
virtue of hydrogen bonding interaction. Polym Adv Technol 16(11–12):770–782
53. Ramier J, Gauthier C, Chazeau L, Stelandre L, Guy L (2007) Payne effect in silica-filled
styrene – butadiene rubber: influence of surface treatment. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 45
(3):286–298
54. Sto ¨ckelhuber KW, Svistkov S, Pelevin G, Heinrich G (2011) Impact of filler surface modification on large scale mechanics of styrene butadiene/silica rubber composites. Macromolecules 44(11):4366–4381
55. Li Q, Zhao S, Pan Y (2010) Structure, morphology and properties of HNBR filled with N550,
SiO 2 , ZDMA, and two of three kinds of fillers. J Appl Polym Sci 117(1):421–427
56. Huang X, Fang X, Lu Z, Chen S (2009) Reinforcement of polysiloxane with superhydrophobic
nanosilica. J Mater Sci 44(17):4522–4530
57. Yang J, Han CR (2013) Dynamics of silica-nanoparticle-filled hybrid hydrogels: nonlinear
viscoelastic behavior and chain entanglement network. J Phys Chem C 117(39):20236–20243
58. Meera AP, Grohens Y, Luyt AS, Thomas S, Sud B, Maude R, Saint (2009) Tensile stress
relaxation studies of TiO 2 and nanosilica filled natural rubber composites. Ind Eng Chem Res
48(7):3410–3416
59. Bahloul W, Lyon D, Umr C (2010) Morphology and viscoelasticity of PP/TiO 2
nanocomposites prepared by in situ sol–gel method. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 48:1213–1222
60. Lu M, He B, Wang L, Ge W, Lu Q, Liu Y, Zhang L (2012) Preparation of polystyrene–
polyisoprene core–shell nanoparticles for reinforcement of elastomers. Compos B Eng 43
(1):50–56
61. Ding N, Hao F, Li L, Sun W, Liu L (2012) Study on physical and dynamic properties of BR based
composites filled with different particle size magnesia. Appl Mech Mater 217–219:165–173
62. Bindu P, Thomas S (2013) Viscoelastic behavior and reinforcement mechanism in rubber
nanocomposites in the vicinity of spherical nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 117(41):12632–
12648
Nonlinear Viscoelasticity in Three Dimensional Filler Reinforced Rubber. . .
83
pristine and organophilic layered silicates of natural and synthetic origin. J Appl Polym Sci
91:813
42. Zhang H, Wang Y, Wu Y (2005) Study on flammability of montmorillonite/styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR) nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 97:844
43. Kim JT, OhTS LDH (2003) Preparation and characteristics of nitrile rubber (NBR)
nanocomposites based on organophilic layered clay. Polym Int 52:1058
44. Gatos KG, Thomann R, Karger-kocsis J (2004) Characteristics of ethylene propylene diene
monomer rubber/organoclay nanocomposites resulting from different processing conditions
and formulations. Polym Int 53:1191
45. Tien Y, Wei K (2001) Hydrogen bonding and mechanical properties in segmented montmorillonite/polyurethane nanocomposites of different hard segment ratios. Polymer 42(7):3213–3221
46. Strankowski M, Strankowska J, Gazda M, Piszczyk Ł, Nowaczyk G, Jurga S (2012) Thermoplastic polyurethane/(organically modified montmorillonite) nanocomposites produced by in
situ polymerization. Exp Polym Lett 6(8):610–619
47. Pan G, Mark JE, Schaefer DW (2003) Synthesis and characterization of fillers of controlled
structure based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane cages and their use in reinforcing
siloxane elastomers. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 41(24):3314–3323
48. Kraus GJ (1984) Mechanical losses in carbon black filled rubbers. J Appl Polym Sci Appl
Polym Symp 39:75–92
49. Casalini R, Bogoslovov R, Qadri SB, Roland CM (2012) Nanofiller reinforcement of elastomeric polyurea. Polymer 53(6):1282–1287
50. Meera AP, Said S, Grohens Y, Thomas S (2009) Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of silica-filled
natural rubber nanocomposites. J Phys Chem C 113(42):17997–18002
51. Maier PG, Go ¨ritz D (1996) Molecular interpretation on the Payne effect. Kautsch Gummi
Kunstst 49:18–22
52. Peng CC, Go ¨pfert A, Drechsler M, Abetz V (2005) “Smart” silica-rubber nanocomposites in
virtue of hydrogen bonding interaction. Polym Adv Technol 16(11–12):770–782
53. Ramier J, Gauthier C, Chazeau L, Stelandre L, Guy L (2007) Payne effect in silica-filled
styrene – butadiene rubber: influence of surface treatment. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 45
(3):286–298
54. Sto ¨ckelhuber KW, Svistkov S, Pelevin G, Heinrich G (2011) Impact of filler surface modification on large scale mechanics of styrene butadiene/silica rubber composites. Macromolecules 44(11):4366–4381
55. Li Q, Zhao S, Pan Y (2010) Structure, morphology and properties of HNBR filled with N550,
SiO 2 , ZDMA, and two of three kinds of fillers. J Appl Polym Sci 117(1):421–427
56. Huang X, Fang X, Lu Z, Chen S (2009) Reinforcement of polysiloxane with superhydrophobic
nanosilica. J Mater Sci 44(17):4522–4530
57. Yang J, Han CR (2013) Dynamics of silica-nanoparticle-filled hybrid hydrogels: nonlinear
viscoelastic behavior and chain entanglement network. J Phys Chem C 117(39):20236–20243
58. Meera AP, Grohens Y, Luyt AS, Thomas S, Sud B, Maude R, Saint (2009) Tensile stress
relaxation studies of TiO 2 and nanosilica filled natural rubber composites. Ind Eng Chem Res
48(7):3410–3416
59. Bahloul W, Lyon D, Umr C (2010) Morphology and viscoelasticity of PP/TiO 2
nanocomposites prepared by in situ sol–gel method. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 48:1213–1222
60. Lu M, He B, Wang L, Ge W, Lu Q, Liu Y, Zhang L (2012) Preparation of polystyrene–
polyisoprene core–shell nanoparticles for reinforcement of elastomers. Compos B Eng 43
(1):50–56
61. Ding N, Hao F, Li L, Sun W, Liu L (2012) Study on physical and dynamic properties of BR based
composites filled with different particle size magnesia. Appl Mech Mater 217–219:165–173
62. Bindu P, Thomas S (2013) Viscoelastic behavior and reinforcement mechanism in rubber
nanocomposites in the vicinity of spherical nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 117(41):12632–
12648
Nonlinear Viscoelasticity in Three Dimensional Filler Reinforced Rubber. . .
83