nanocomposites decreased which is associated with the glass transition phenomenon of the elastomer chains.
The addition of filler results in a reduction in tan δ max , which is attributed to the
dilution effect, that is, the viscous response of the elastomeric phase is diluted by
the nonviscous response of fillers. Incorporation of nanoparticles like CNTs are
reported to reduce the height of the tan δ peak considerably and even a small
amount of CNTs increase the storage modulus above the glass transition temperature. MWCNT-rubber blend composite prepared in the machine direction showed
high storage modulus and low tan δ max because of the greater alignment and
dispersion of most MWCNTs in the sample.
In the case of rubber blend clay composites good state of exfoliation of the clay,
sufficiently strong filler–rubber interactions as well as the compatibility between
different rubber phases are playing major role. The presence of intercalated
organoclays restricts the mobility of the rubber chains due to their confinement
between the layers. As the concentration of nano filler increases the loss modulus
increased. This can be explained in terms of the friction between the filler particles
and the rubber matrix when the filler particles are uniformly dispersed in the rubber
matrix. The damping values are found to decrease with the amount of filler due to
the restricted mobility of the polymer chains owing to the intercalation of polymer
chains into the layers of silicates.
References
1. Medalia A, Krauss G (1994) Reinforcement of elastomers by particulate fillers. In: Mark JE,
Erman B, Erich FR (eds) Science and technology of rubber, 2nd edn. Academic, San Diego,
CA, pp 387–418
2. Sternstein SS, Zhu AJ (2002) Macromolecules 35:7262
3. Lin G, Tian M, Lu YL, Zhang XJ, Zhang LQ (2006) Polymer 38:498–502
4. Yahaya LE, Adebowale KO, Menon ARR, Rugmini S, Olu-Owolabi BI, Chameswary J
(2010) Afr J Pure Appl Chem 4:198–205
5. Sui G, Zhong WH, Yang XP, Yu YH (2008) Mater Sci Eng 485:524–531
6. Gonzalez JC, Retsos H, Verdejo R, Toki S, Hsiao BS, Giannelis EP, Lopez-Manchado MA
(2008) Macromolecules 41:6763–6772
7. Al-Hartomy OA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Al-Salamy F, Dishovsky N, Shtarkova R, Iliev V,
El-Tantawy FI (2012) J Mater Chem 2:116–122
8. Kim H, Miura Y, Macosko CW (2010) Chem Mater 22:3441–3450
9. Coran AY (1980) Rubber Chem Technol 53:141
10. Kim HJ, Hamed GR (2000) Rubber Chem Technol 73:743–752
11. Botros SH, Younan AF, Essa MM (2000) Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Technol A 354:409–420
12. Saad Azima LG, El-Sabbagh S, Salwa S (2001) J Appl Polym Sci 79:60–71
13. Perera MCS, Ishiaku US, Ishak ZAM (2000) Polym Degrad Stab 68:393–402
14. Lapa VLC, Visconte LLY, Affonso JES, Nunes RCR (2002) Polym Test 21:443–447
15. Sircar AK, Lamond TG, Pinter PE (1974) Rubber Chem Technol 47:48
16. Massie JM, Hirst RC, Halasa AF (1993) Rubber Chem Technol 66:276
17. Kluppel M, Schuster RH, Schaper (1999) J Rubber Chem Technol 72:91
18. Hess HM, Scott CE, Callan JE (1967) Rubber Chem Technol 40:814
19. Jeon IH, Kim H, Kim SG (2004) Rubber Chem Technol 76:1
Non-linear Viscoelastic Behaviour of Rubber-Rubber Blend Composites and. . .
131
The addition of filler results in a reduction in tan δ max , which is attributed to the
dilution effect, that is, the viscous response of the elastomeric phase is diluted by
the nonviscous response of fillers. Incorporation of nanoparticles like CNTs are
reported to reduce the height of the tan δ peak considerably and even a small
amount of CNTs increase the storage modulus above the glass transition temperature. MWCNT-rubber blend composite prepared in the machine direction showed
high storage modulus and low tan δ max because of the greater alignment and
dispersion of most MWCNTs in the sample.
In the case of rubber blend clay composites good state of exfoliation of the clay,
sufficiently strong filler–rubber interactions as well as the compatibility between
different rubber phases are playing major role. The presence of intercalated
organoclays restricts the mobility of the rubber chains due to their confinement
between the layers. As the concentration of nano filler increases the loss modulus
increased. This can be explained in terms of the friction between the filler particles
and the rubber matrix when the filler particles are uniformly dispersed in the rubber
matrix. The damping values are found to decrease with the amount of filler due to
the restricted mobility of the polymer chains owing to the intercalation of polymer
chains into the layers of silicates.
References
1. Medalia A, Krauss G (1994) Reinforcement of elastomers by particulate fillers. In: Mark JE,
Erman B, Erich FR (eds) Science and technology of rubber, 2nd edn. Academic, San Diego,
CA, pp 387–418
2. Sternstein SS, Zhu AJ (2002) Macromolecules 35:7262
3. Lin G, Tian M, Lu YL, Zhang XJ, Zhang LQ (2006) Polymer 38:498–502
4. Yahaya LE, Adebowale KO, Menon ARR, Rugmini S, Olu-Owolabi BI, Chameswary J
(2010) Afr J Pure Appl Chem 4:198–205
5. Sui G, Zhong WH, Yang XP, Yu YH (2008) Mater Sci Eng 485:524–531
6. Gonzalez JC, Retsos H, Verdejo R, Toki S, Hsiao BS, Giannelis EP, Lopez-Manchado MA
(2008) Macromolecules 41:6763–6772
7. Al-Hartomy OA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Al-Salamy F, Dishovsky N, Shtarkova R, Iliev V,
El-Tantawy FI (2012) J Mater Chem 2:116–122
8. Kim H, Miura Y, Macosko CW (2010) Chem Mater 22:3441–3450
9. Coran AY (1980) Rubber Chem Technol 53:141
10. Kim HJ, Hamed GR (2000) Rubber Chem Technol 73:743–752
11. Botros SH, Younan AF, Essa MM (2000) Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Technol A 354:409–420
12. Saad Azima LG, El-Sabbagh S, Salwa S (2001) J Appl Polym Sci 79:60–71
13. Perera MCS, Ishiaku US, Ishak ZAM (2000) Polym Degrad Stab 68:393–402
14. Lapa VLC, Visconte LLY, Affonso JES, Nunes RCR (2002) Polym Test 21:443–447
15. Sircar AK, Lamond TG, Pinter PE (1974) Rubber Chem Technol 47:48
16. Massie JM, Hirst RC, Halasa AF (1993) Rubber Chem Technol 66:276
17. Kluppel M, Schuster RH, Schaper (1999) J Rubber Chem Technol 72:91
18. Hess HM, Scott CE, Callan JE (1967) Rubber Chem Technol 40:814
19. Jeon IH, Kim H, Kim SG (2004) Rubber Chem Technol 76:1
Non-linear Viscoelastic Behaviour of Rubber-Rubber Blend Composites and. . .
131