78. Kabanov VA, Zezin AB, Izumrudov VA (1985) Cooperative interpolyelectrolyte reactions.
Makromol Chem Macromol Chem Phys 13:137
79. Zezin AB, Izumrudov VA, Kabanov VA (1989) Interpolyelctrolyte complexes as new family
of enzyme carriers. Makromol Chem Macromol Symp 26:249
80. Jaeger W, Bohrisch J, Laschewsky A (2010) Synthetic polymers with quaternary nitrogen
atoms-synthesis and structure of the most used type of cationic polyelectrolytes. Prog Polym
Sci 35:511
81. Mende M, Schwarz S, Zschoche S, Petzold G, Janke A (2011) Influence of the hydrophobicity of polyelectrolytes on polyelectrolyte complex formation and complex particle
structure and shape. Polymers 3:1363
82. Petzold G, Nebel A, Buchhammer HM, Lunkwitz K (1998) Preparation and characterization
of different polyelectrolyte complexes and their application as flocculants. Colloid Polym Sci
276:125
83. Xiang Y, Somasundaran P (1993) Enhanced flocculation with double flocculants. Colloids Surf
A 81:17
84. Onabe F (1983) Effect of the polyion-complex formation on the drainage behavior of pulp
suspensions: an interpretation of the dual-polymer system. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 29:60
85. Gernandt R, Wagberg L, Ga ¨rlund L (2003) Polyelectrolyte complexes for surface modification
of wood fibres. Colloids Surf A 213:15
86. Uematsu T, Matsui Y, Kakiuchi S, Isogai A (2011) Cellulose wet wiper sheets prepared with
cationic polymer and carboxymethyl cellulose using a papermaking technique. Cellulose
18:1129
87. Champ S, Auweter H, Leduc M (2004) Method for the production of aqueous polyelectrolyte
complex dispersions, and use thereof for increasing the water resistance. Patent WO2004096895
88. Buchhammer HM, Petzold G, Lunkwitz K (1999) Salt effect on formation and properties of
interpolyelectrolyte complexes and their interactions with silica particles. Langmuir 15:4306
89. Schwarz S, Dragan ES (2004) Nonstoichiometric interpolyelectrolyte complexes as colloidal
dispersions based on NaPAMPS and their interaction with colloidal silica particles.
Macromol Symp 210:185
90. Mende M, Buchhammer HM, Schwarz S, Petzold G, Jaeger W (2004) The stability of
polyelectrolyte complex systems of PDADMAC with different polyanions. Macromol Symp
211:121
91. Mende M, Schwarz S, Petzold G, Jaeger W (2007) Destabilization of model silica dispersions
by polyelectrolyte complex particles with different charge excess, hydrophobicity, and
particle size. J Appl Polym Sci 103:3776
92. Nystro ¨m RS, Rosenholm JB, Nurmi K (2003) Flocculation of semidilute calcite dispersion
induced by anionic sodium polyacrylate-cationic starch complexes. Langmuir 19:3981
93. Nystro ¨m R, Hedstro ¨m G, Gustafsson J, Rosenholm JB (2004) Mixtures of cationic starch and
anionic polyacrylate used for flocculation of calcium carbonate-influence of electrolytes.
Colloids Surf A 234:85
94. Dragan ES, Ghimici L, Cristea M (1999) Polyelectrolyte complexes III. Binding
characteristics of some polycations. Acta Polym 50:260
95. Dragan ES, Cristea M (2003) Polyelectrolyte complexes. Formation, characterizationand
application. In: Gayathri A (ed) Recent research developments in polymer science, vol 7.
Research Signpost, Trivandrum, pp 149–181
96. Dragan ES, Mihai M (2007) Polyanion structure and mixing conditions-useful tool to tailor
the characteristics of PEC particles. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 9:3927
97. Dragan ES, Dragan D, Christea M (1999) Polyelectrolyte complexes. II. Specific aspects of
the formation of polycation/dye/polyanion complexes. J Polym Sci A 37:409
98. Zemaitaitiene RJ, Zliobaite E, Klimaviciute R, Zemaitaitis A (2003) The role of anionic
substances in removal of textile dyes from solutions using cationic flocculant. Colloids Surf A
214:37
Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Flocculation Applications
63
Makromol Chem Macromol Chem Phys 13:137
79. Zezin AB, Izumrudov VA, Kabanov VA (1989) Interpolyelctrolyte complexes as new family
of enzyme carriers. Makromol Chem Macromol Symp 26:249
80. Jaeger W, Bohrisch J, Laschewsky A (2010) Synthetic polymers with quaternary nitrogen
atoms-synthesis and structure of the most used type of cationic polyelectrolytes. Prog Polym
Sci 35:511
81. Mende M, Schwarz S, Zschoche S, Petzold G, Janke A (2011) Influence of the hydrophobicity of polyelectrolytes on polyelectrolyte complex formation and complex particle
structure and shape. Polymers 3:1363
82. Petzold G, Nebel A, Buchhammer HM, Lunkwitz K (1998) Preparation and characterization
of different polyelectrolyte complexes and their application as flocculants. Colloid Polym Sci
276:125
83. Xiang Y, Somasundaran P (1993) Enhanced flocculation with double flocculants. Colloids Surf
A 81:17
84. Onabe F (1983) Effect of the polyion-complex formation on the drainage behavior of pulp
suspensions: an interpretation of the dual-polymer system. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 29:60
85. Gernandt R, Wagberg L, Ga ¨rlund L (2003) Polyelectrolyte complexes for surface modification
of wood fibres. Colloids Surf A 213:15
86. Uematsu T, Matsui Y, Kakiuchi S, Isogai A (2011) Cellulose wet wiper sheets prepared with
cationic polymer and carboxymethyl cellulose using a papermaking technique. Cellulose
18:1129
87. Champ S, Auweter H, Leduc M (2004) Method for the production of aqueous polyelectrolyte
complex dispersions, and use thereof for increasing the water resistance. Patent WO2004096895
88. Buchhammer HM, Petzold G, Lunkwitz K (1999) Salt effect on formation and properties of
interpolyelectrolyte complexes and their interactions with silica particles. Langmuir 15:4306
89. Schwarz S, Dragan ES (2004) Nonstoichiometric interpolyelectrolyte complexes as colloidal
dispersions based on NaPAMPS and their interaction with colloidal silica particles.
Macromol Symp 210:185
90. Mende M, Buchhammer HM, Schwarz S, Petzold G, Jaeger W (2004) The stability of
polyelectrolyte complex systems of PDADMAC with different polyanions. Macromol Symp
211:121
91. Mende M, Schwarz S, Petzold G, Jaeger W (2007) Destabilization of model silica dispersions
by polyelectrolyte complex particles with different charge excess, hydrophobicity, and
particle size. J Appl Polym Sci 103:3776
92. Nystro ¨m RS, Rosenholm JB, Nurmi K (2003) Flocculation of semidilute calcite dispersion
induced by anionic sodium polyacrylate-cationic starch complexes. Langmuir 19:3981
93. Nystro ¨m R, Hedstro ¨m G, Gustafsson J, Rosenholm JB (2004) Mixtures of cationic starch and
anionic polyacrylate used for flocculation of calcium carbonate-influence of electrolytes.
Colloids Surf A 234:85
94. Dragan ES, Ghimici L, Cristea M (1999) Polyelectrolyte complexes III. Binding
characteristics of some polycations. Acta Polym 50:260
95. Dragan ES, Cristea M (2003) Polyelectrolyte complexes. Formation, characterizationand
application. In: Gayathri A (ed) Recent research developments in polymer science, vol 7.
Research Signpost, Trivandrum, pp 149–181
96. Dragan ES, Mihai M (2007) Polyanion structure and mixing conditions-useful tool to tailor
the characteristics of PEC particles. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 9:3927
97. Dragan ES, Dragan D, Christea M (1999) Polyelectrolyte complexes. II. Specific aspects of
the formation of polycation/dye/polyanion complexes. J Polym Sci A 37:409
98. Zemaitaitiene RJ, Zliobaite E, Klimaviciute R, Zemaitaitis A (2003) The role of anionic
substances in removal of textile dyes from solutions using cationic flocculant. Colloids Surf A
214:37
Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Flocculation Applications
63