2
Dual system
(Step by step addition)
Interactions between two
flocculants (dual system) in
presence of solid materials
(such as fibers or fillers)
3
“Direct” Interaction
between the flocculant
(polycation) and an
anionically charged
suspension
with particles
or
with charged “waste” like humic acid or stickies
4
Pre-mixed complexes
as flocculants
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
with anionic
with anionic
trash
particles
Fig. 1 Different types of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) in flocculation applications
30
G. Petzold and S. Schwarz