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85. Smith LJ, Nerurkar NL, Choi K, Harfe BD, Elliott DM (2011) Degeneration and regeneration
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Haldeman S, Nordin M, Hurwitz EL et al (2008) The burden and determinants of neck pain in
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87. Cote P, Kristman V, Vidmar M, Van Eerd D, Hogg-Johnson S, Beaton D, Smith PM (2008)
The prevalence and incidence of work absenteeism involving neck pain—a cohort of Ontario
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88. Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, Vos T, Buchbinder R (2010) Measuring the
global burden of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 24:155–165
89. Kovacs F, Abraira V, Zamora J, del Real M, Llobera J, Fernandez C, Kovacs-Atencion
Primaria Group (2004) Correlation between pain, disability, and quality of life in patients
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90. Cassidy JJ, Hiltner A, Baer E (1990) The response of the hierarchical structure of the
intervertebral-disk to uniaxial compression. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1:69–80
91. Perie D, MacLean J, Owen J, Iatridis J (2006) Correlating material properties with tissue
composition in enzymatically digested bovine annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissue.
Ann Biomed Eng 34:769–777
92. Joshi A, Fussell G, Thomas J, Hsuan A, Lowman A, Karduna A, Vresilovic E, Marcolongo M
(2006) Functional compressive mechanics of a PVA/PVP nucleus pulposus replacement.
Biomaterials 27:176–184
93. Northwood E, Fisher J (2007) A multi-directional in vitro investigation into friction, damage
and wear of innovative chondroplasty materials against articular cartilage. Clin Biomech
22:834–842
94. Oka M, Ushio K, Kumar P, Ikeuchi K, Hyon S, Nakamura T, Fujita H (2000) Development of
artificial articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 214:59–68
95. Gu Z, Xiao J, Zhang X (1998) The development of artificial articular cartilage-PVA-hydrogel. Biomed Mater Eng 8:75–81
96. Swieszkowski W, Ku D, Bersee H, Kurzydlowski K (2006) An elastic material for cartilage
replacement in an arthritic shoulder joint. Biomaterials 27:1534–1541
97. Pan Y, Xiong D, Ma R (2007) A study on the friction properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)
hydrogel as articular cartilage against titanium alloy. Wear 262:1021–1025
98. Kobayashi M, Chang Y, Oka M (2005) A two year in vivo study of polyvinyl alcoholhydrogel (PVA-H) artificial meniscus. Biomaterials 26:3243–3248
99. Pan Y, Xiong D, Chen X (2007) Mechanical properties of nanohydroxyapatite reinforced
poly(vinyl alcohol) gel composites as biomaterial. J Mater Sci 42:5129–5134
100. Jiang H, Campbell G, Boughner D, Wan W, Quantz M (2004) Design and manufacture of a
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cryogel tri-leaflet heart valve prosthesis. Med Eng Phys 26:269–277
101. Mohammadi H, Boughner D, Millon LE, Wan WK (2009) Design and simulation of a poly
(vinyl alcohol)-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite mechanical aortic heart valve prosthesis.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H 223:697–711
102. Hui AJ (1998) Hydrogel-based artificial heart valve stent material. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
320
W. Wan et al.
characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 109:1129–1137
82. Abdel-Mohsen AM, Aly AS, Hrdina R, Montaser AS, Hebeish A (2011) Eco-synthesis of
PVA/chitosan hydrogels for biomedical application. J Polym Environ 19:1005–1012
83. Causa F, Manto L, Borzacchiello A, De Santis R, Netti P, Ambrosio L, Nicolais L (2002)
Spatial and structural dependence of mechanical properties of porcine intervertebral disc. J
Mater Sci Mater Med 13:1277–1280
84. Adams MA, Roughley PJ (2006) What is intervertebral disc degeneration, and what causes it?
Spine 31:2151–2161
85. Smith LJ, Nerurkar NL, Choi K, Harfe BD, Elliott DM (2011) Degeneration and regeneration
of the intervertebral disc: lessons from development. Dis Model Mech 4:31–41
86. Cote P, van der Velde G, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Hogg-Johnson S, Holm LW, Carragee EJ,
Haldeman S, Nordin M, Hurwitz EL et al (2008) The burden and determinants of neck pain in
workers—results of the bone and joint decade 2000-2010 task force on neck pain and its
associated disorders. Eur Spine J 17:S60–S74
87. Cote P, Kristman V, Vidmar M, Van Eerd D, Hogg-Johnson S, Beaton D, Smith PM (2008)
The prevalence and incidence of work absenteeism involving neck pain—a cohort of Ontario
lost-time claimants. Spine 33:S192–S198
88. Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, Vos T, Buchbinder R (2010) Measuring the
global burden of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 24:155–165
89. Kovacs F, Abraira V, Zamora J, del Real M, Llobera J, Fernandez C, Kovacs-Atencion
Primaria Group (2004) Correlation between pain, disability, and quality of life in patients
with common low back pain. Spine 29:206–210
90. Cassidy JJ, Hiltner A, Baer E (1990) The response of the hierarchical structure of the
intervertebral-disk to uniaxial compression. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1:69–80
91. Perie D, MacLean J, Owen J, Iatridis J (2006) Correlating material properties with tissue
composition in enzymatically digested bovine annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissue.
Ann Biomed Eng 34:769–777
92. Joshi A, Fussell G, Thomas J, Hsuan A, Lowman A, Karduna A, Vresilovic E, Marcolongo M
(2006) Functional compressive mechanics of a PVA/PVP nucleus pulposus replacement.
Biomaterials 27:176–184
93. Northwood E, Fisher J (2007) A multi-directional in vitro investigation into friction, damage
and wear of innovative chondroplasty materials against articular cartilage. Clin Biomech
22:834–842
94. Oka M, Ushio K, Kumar P, Ikeuchi K, Hyon S, Nakamura T, Fujita H (2000) Development of
artificial articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 214:59–68
95. Gu Z, Xiao J, Zhang X (1998) The development of artificial articular cartilage-PVA-hydrogel. Biomed Mater Eng 8:75–81
96. Swieszkowski W, Ku D, Bersee H, Kurzydlowski K (2006) An elastic material for cartilage
replacement in an arthritic shoulder joint. Biomaterials 27:1534–1541
97. Pan Y, Xiong D, Ma R (2007) A study on the friction properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)
hydrogel as articular cartilage against titanium alloy. Wear 262:1021–1025
98. Kobayashi M, Chang Y, Oka M (2005) A two year in vivo study of polyvinyl alcoholhydrogel (PVA-H) artificial meniscus. Biomaterials 26:3243–3248
99. Pan Y, Xiong D, Chen X (2007) Mechanical properties of nanohydroxyapatite reinforced
poly(vinyl alcohol) gel composites as biomaterial. J Mater Sci 42:5129–5134
100. Jiang H, Campbell G, Boughner D, Wan W, Quantz M (2004) Design and manufacture of a
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cryogel tri-leaflet heart valve prosthesis. Med Eng Phys 26:269–277
101. Mohammadi H, Boughner D, Millon LE, Wan WK (2009) Design and simulation of a poly
(vinyl alcohol)-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite mechanical aortic heart valve prosthesis.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H 223:697–711
102. Hui AJ (1998) Hydrogel-based artificial heart valve stent material. Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
320
W. Wan et al.