such that the cells are released, has shown promising results, including in handling
of mammalian cells.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by The Swedish Research Council.
References
1. Varfolomeyev SD, Rainina EI, Lozinsky VI, Kalyuzhny SV, Sinitsyn AP, Makhlis TA,
Bachurina GP, Bokova IG, Sklyankina OA, Agafonov EB (1990) Application of polyvinyl
alcohol cryogels for immobilization of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms. In:
De Bont JAM, Visser J, Mattiasson B, Tramper J (eds) Physiology of immobilized cells.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 325–330
2. Lozinsky VI, Galaev IY, Plieva FM, Savina IN, Jungvid H, Mattiasson B (2003) Polymeric
cryogels as promising materials of biotechnological interest. Trends Biotechnol 21:445–451
3. Plieva FM, De Seta E, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B (2009) Macroporous elastic polyacrylamide
monolith columns: processing under compression and scale up. Sep Purif Technol 65:
110–116
4. Hassan CM, Peppas NA (2000) Structure and morphology of freeze/thawed PVA hydrogels.
Macromolecules 33:2472–2479
5. Gough S, Barron N, Zubov AL, Lozinsky VI, McHale AP (1998) Production of ethanol from
molasses at 45
C using Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 immobilized in calcium alginate
gels and poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel. Bioproc Eng 19:87–90
6. Efremenko EN, Nikolskaya AB, Lyagin IV, Senko OV, Makhlis TA, Stepanov NA,
Maslova OV, Mamedova F, Varfolomeev SD (2012) Production of biofuels from pretreated
microalgae biomass by anaerobic fermentation with immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum
cells. Bioresour Technol 114:342–348
7. Velizarov SG, Rainina EI, Sinitsyn AP, Varfolomeyev SD (1992) Production of L-lysine by
free and PVA-cryogel immobilized Corynebacterium glutamicum cells. Biotechnol Lett
14:291–296
8. Efremenko E, Spiricheva O, Varfolomeyev S, Lozinsky V (2006) Rhizopus oryzae fungus
cells producing L (+)-lactic acid: Kinetic and metabolic parameters of free and PVA-cryogelentrapped mycelium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 72:480–485
9. Efremenko E, Spiricheva OV, Veremeenko DV, Baibak AV, Lozinsky VI (2006) L(+)-lactic
acid production using poly(vinyl alcohol)-cryogel-entrapped Rhizopus oryzae fungal cells.
J Chem Technol Biotechn 81:519–522
10. Alekseiva P, Petricheva E, Konstantiov H (1998) Enhancement of acid proteinase production
by the fungus Humicaola lutea 120-5 immobilized in crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) mixed
with poly(ethylene glycol). Proc Biochem 33:725–728
11. Long ZE, Huang Y, Cai Z, Cong W, Ouyang F (2003) Biooxidation of ferrous iron by
immobilized Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel carriers.
Biotechnol Lett 25:245–249
12. Martins RF, Plieva FM, Santos A, Hatti-Kaul R (2005) Integrated immobilized cell reactoradsorption system for β-cyclodextrin production: A model study using PVA-cryogel
entrapped Bacillus agaradharens. Biotechnol Lett 25:1537–1543
13. Lusta KA, Chung IK, Sul IW, Park HS, Shin DI (2000) Immobilization of fungus Aspergillus
sp. by a novel cryogel technique for production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes.
Proc Biochem 35:1177–1182
14. El-Hadi AA (2003) Factors affecting the production of prednisolone by immobilization of
Bacillus pumilus E601 cells in poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels produced by radiation polymerization. Proc Biochem 38:1659–1664
Cryogels for Biotechnological Applications
275
of mammalian cells.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by The Swedish Research Council.
References
1. Varfolomeyev SD, Rainina EI, Lozinsky VI, Kalyuzhny SV, Sinitsyn AP, Makhlis TA,
Bachurina GP, Bokova IG, Sklyankina OA, Agafonov EB (1990) Application of polyvinyl
alcohol cryogels for immobilization of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms. In:
De Bont JAM, Visser J, Mattiasson B, Tramper J (eds) Physiology of immobilized cells.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 325–330
2. Lozinsky VI, Galaev IY, Plieva FM, Savina IN, Jungvid H, Mattiasson B (2003) Polymeric
cryogels as promising materials of biotechnological interest. Trends Biotechnol 21:445–451
3. Plieva FM, De Seta E, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B (2009) Macroporous elastic polyacrylamide
monolith columns: processing under compression and scale up. Sep Purif Technol 65:
110–116
4. Hassan CM, Peppas NA (2000) Structure and morphology of freeze/thawed PVA hydrogels.
Macromolecules 33:2472–2479
5. Gough S, Barron N, Zubov AL, Lozinsky VI, McHale AP (1998) Production of ethanol from
molasses at 45
C using Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 immobilized in calcium alginate
gels and poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel. Bioproc Eng 19:87–90
6. Efremenko EN, Nikolskaya AB, Lyagin IV, Senko OV, Makhlis TA, Stepanov NA,
Maslova OV, Mamedova F, Varfolomeev SD (2012) Production of biofuels from pretreated
microalgae biomass by anaerobic fermentation with immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum
cells. Bioresour Technol 114:342–348
7. Velizarov SG, Rainina EI, Sinitsyn AP, Varfolomeyev SD (1992) Production of L-lysine by
free and PVA-cryogel immobilized Corynebacterium glutamicum cells. Biotechnol Lett
14:291–296
8. Efremenko E, Spiricheva O, Varfolomeyev S, Lozinsky V (2006) Rhizopus oryzae fungus
cells producing L (+)-lactic acid: Kinetic and metabolic parameters of free and PVA-cryogelentrapped mycelium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 72:480–485
9. Efremenko E, Spiricheva OV, Veremeenko DV, Baibak AV, Lozinsky VI (2006) L(+)-lactic
acid production using poly(vinyl alcohol)-cryogel-entrapped Rhizopus oryzae fungal cells.
J Chem Technol Biotechn 81:519–522
10. Alekseiva P, Petricheva E, Konstantiov H (1998) Enhancement of acid proteinase production
by the fungus Humicaola lutea 120-5 immobilized in crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) mixed
with poly(ethylene glycol). Proc Biochem 33:725–728
11. Long ZE, Huang Y, Cai Z, Cong W, Ouyang F (2003) Biooxidation of ferrous iron by
immobilized Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel carriers.
Biotechnol Lett 25:245–249
12. Martins RF, Plieva FM, Santos A, Hatti-Kaul R (2005) Integrated immobilized cell reactoradsorption system for β-cyclodextrin production: A model study using PVA-cryogel
entrapped Bacillus agaradharens. Biotechnol Lett 25:1537–1543
13. Lusta KA, Chung IK, Sul IW, Park HS, Shin DI (2000) Immobilization of fungus Aspergillus
sp. by a novel cryogel technique for production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes.
Proc Biochem 35:1177–1182
14. El-Hadi AA (2003) Factors affecting the production of prednisolone by immobilization of
Bacillus pumilus E601 cells in poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels produced by radiation polymerization. Proc Biochem 38:1659–1664
Cryogels for Biotechnological Applications
275