Inorganic Cryogels
Oleg A. Shlyakhtin
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
2 Metal Oxide Cryogels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
2.1 Cryogenic Polymer-Gel Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 225
2.2 Precipitated and Co-precipitated Cryogels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
2.3 Cryogels for Particle Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
2.4 Cryogel-Derived Bulk Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
3 Carbon Cryogels and Related Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3.1 Polymer-Derived Cryogels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3.2 Carbon-Based Particulate Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Abstract Recent advances in the application of cryogels in the synthesis and
processing of inorganic as well as carbon-based materials are briefly summarized.
Synthesis of complex oxides by using polymeric cryogels causes a substantial
reduction in phase formation temperature and thus promotes a significant decrease
in grain size. Freeze-drying of co-precipitated gels and residues prevents the
agglomeration of nanocrystallites usually observed during atmospheric drying.
This feature is also widely used for the isolation of nanoparticles prepared by
various wet chemical methods. Ceramic materials with oriented tubular pores and
mesoporous pore walls can be obtained by using directed crystallization of ice from
ceramic slurries. Carbon cryogels with a specific surface area of up to 2,000 m
2 g
À1
can be prepared by thermal processing of the corresponding polymeric precursors.
Cryogel-derived composites of carbon nanotubes and graphene-based materials
O.A. Shlyakhtin (*)
Inorganic Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State
University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
e-mail: oleg@inorg.chem.msu.ru
O. Okay (ed.), Polymeric Cryogels, Advances in Polymer Science 263,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05846-7_6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
223
Oleg A. Shlyakhtin
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
2 Metal Oxide Cryogels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
2.1 Cryogenic Polymer-Gel Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 225
2.2 Precipitated and Co-precipitated Cryogels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
2.3 Cryogels for Particle Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
2.4 Cryogel-Derived Bulk Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
3 Carbon Cryogels and Related Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3.1 Polymer-Derived Cryogels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3.2 Carbon-Based Particulate Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Abstract Recent advances in the application of cryogels in the synthesis and
processing of inorganic as well as carbon-based materials are briefly summarized.
Synthesis of complex oxides by using polymeric cryogels causes a substantial
reduction in phase formation temperature and thus promotes a significant decrease
in grain size. Freeze-drying of co-precipitated gels and residues prevents the
agglomeration of nanocrystallites usually observed during atmospheric drying.
This feature is also widely used for the isolation of nanoparticles prepared by
various wet chemical methods. Ceramic materials with oriented tubular pores and
mesoporous pore walls can be obtained by using directed crystallization of ice from
ceramic slurries. Carbon cryogels with a specific surface area of up to 2,000 m
2 g
À1
can be prepared by thermal processing of the corresponding polymeric precursors.
Cryogel-derived composites of carbon nanotubes and graphene-based materials
O.A. Shlyakhtin (*)
Inorganic Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State
University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
e-mail: oleg@inorg.chem.msu.ru
O. Okay (ed.), Polymeric Cryogels, Advances in Polymer Science 263,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05846-7_6, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
223