an acceleration is also the increased concentration of gel precursors in the
unfrozen liquid microphase compared with their concentration in the initial feed.
5. A bell-like dependence of the gelation efficiency on the process temperature is
inherent in cryotropic gel formation.
6. The properties and macroporous morphology of cryogels are controlled by the
gelation temperature, solvent used, concentration of the gelling compounds, the
presence of other solutes, freezing and thawing rates, freezing mode, duration of
the frozen storage, and some other factors.
Finally, polymeric cryogels have a wide range of applications; this statement is
confirmed by the majority of recent experimental papers and reviews relating to the
implementation of cryogel-type materials in various applied areas (e.g., see reviews
[152, 163, 164, 198–203] published in 2013). Certain important aspects related to
the application of various cryogels are also considered in the subsequent chapters of
the present volume.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by the joint Russian–Turkish grant from the
Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project # 12-03-91371-CT-a) and the Scientific and
Technical Research Council of Turkey (Project # 211 T044). The authors also thank Drs. Andrey
Ryabev and Roman Ivanov for the valuable help in the artwork preparation.
References
1. Lozinsky VI (2014) A brief history of polymeric cryogels. In: Okay O (ed) Polymeric
cryogels: macroporous gels with remarkable properties. Advances in Polymer Science, vol
263. Springer, Heidelberg
2. Papkov SP (1974) Gel-like state of polymers. Khimiya, Moscow, in Russian
3. Kudela V (1987) Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, vol. 7. Wiley, New York,
p 783
4. Tanaka T (1987) In: Nicolini C (ed) Structure and dynamics of biopolymers. Dordrecht:
M. Nijhoff, p 237
5. Rogovina LZ, Vasil’ev VG, Braudo EE (2008) Polym Sci 50C:85
6. Nishinari K (2009) Prog Colloid Polym Sci 136:87
7. Lozinsky VI (1994) DSc Thesis, Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy
of Sciences. Moscow, in Russian
8. Lozinsky VI (2002) Russ Chem Revs 71:489
9. Lozinsky VI, Plieva FM, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B (2001) Bioseparation 10:163
10. Nikonorov VV, Ivanov RV, Kil’deeva NR, Bulatnikova LN, Lozinsky VI (2010) Polym Sci
52A:828
11. Lozinsky VI, Vainerman ES, Rogozhin SV (1982) SU Patent 1,008,214
12. Rogozhin SV, Lozinsky VI, Vainerman ES, Domotenko LV, Mamtsis AM, Ivanova SA,
Shtil’man MI, Korshak VV (1984) Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR 278:129–133, in Russian
13. Labudzin ´ska A, Ziabicki A (1971) Koll Z u Z Polym 243:21
14. Schulze WE, Yu DT, MacMaters MM (1964) Sta ¨rke 16:41
15. Schierbaum F, Richter M (1964) Nahrung 8:487, in German
16. Blaz ˇek L, Dvorz ˇak E, Mys ˇik S (1964) Koll Zhurn 26:657, in Russian
17. Neiman RE (1967) Coagulation of synthetic latexes. Voronezh State University, Voronezh,
pp 148–159, in Russian
96
V.I. Lozinsky and O. Okay
unfrozen liquid microphase compared with their concentration in the initial feed.
5. A bell-like dependence of the gelation efficiency on the process temperature is
inherent in cryotropic gel formation.
6. The properties and macroporous morphology of cryogels are controlled by the
gelation temperature, solvent used, concentration of the gelling compounds, the
presence of other solutes, freezing and thawing rates, freezing mode, duration of
the frozen storage, and some other factors.
Finally, polymeric cryogels have a wide range of applications; this statement is
confirmed by the majority of recent experimental papers and reviews relating to the
implementation of cryogel-type materials in various applied areas (e.g., see reviews
[152, 163, 164, 198–203] published in 2013). Certain important aspects related to
the application of various cryogels are also considered in the subsequent chapters of
the present volume.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by the joint Russian–Turkish grant from the
Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project # 12-03-91371-CT-a) and the Scientific and
Technical Research Council of Turkey (Project # 211 T044). The authors also thank Drs. Andrey
Ryabev and Roman Ivanov for the valuable help in the artwork preparation.
References
1. Lozinsky VI (2014) A brief history of polymeric cryogels. In: Okay O (ed) Polymeric
cryogels: macroporous gels with remarkable properties. Advances in Polymer Science, vol
263. Springer, Heidelberg
2. Papkov SP (1974) Gel-like state of polymers. Khimiya, Moscow, in Russian
3. Kudela V (1987) Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, vol. 7. Wiley, New York,
p 783
4. Tanaka T (1987) In: Nicolini C (ed) Structure and dynamics of biopolymers. Dordrecht:
M. Nijhoff, p 237
5. Rogovina LZ, Vasil’ev VG, Braudo EE (2008) Polym Sci 50C:85
6. Nishinari K (2009) Prog Colloid Polym Sci 136:87
7. Lozinsky VI (1994) DSc Thesis, Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy
of Sciences. Moscow, in Russian
8. Lozinsky VI (2002) Russ Chem Revs 71:489
9. Lozinsky VI, Plieva FM, Galaev IY, Mattiasson B (2001) Bioseparation 10:163
10. Nikonorov VV, Ivanov RV, Kil’deeva NR, Bulatnikova LN, Lozinsky VI (2010) Polym Sci
52A:828
11. Lozinsky VI, Vainerman ES, Rogozhin SV (1982) SU Patent 1,008,214
12. Rogozhin SV, Lozinsky VI, Vainerman ES, Domotenko LV, Mamtsis AM, Ivanova SA,
Shtil’man MI, Korshak VV (1984) Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR 278:129–133, in Russian
13. Labudzin ´ska A, Ziabicki A (1971) Koll Z u Z Polym 243:21
14. Schulze WE, Yu DT, MacMaters MM (1964) Sta ¨rke 16:41
15. Schierbaum F, Richter M (1964) Nahrung 8:487, in German
16. Blaz ˇek L, Dvorz ˇak E, Mys ˇik S (1964) Koll Zhurn 26:657, in Russian
17. Neiman RE (1967) Coagulation of synthetic latexes. Voronezh State University, Voronezh,
pp 148–159, in Russian
96
V.I. Lozinsky and O. Okay