release, etc. For the kinetics of biological systems, such as membranes and
assemblies involving secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, TR-SAS is still
to be exploited on a wider scale. In a notable example, the KZAC/TR-SANS
technique was used to study and understand the equilibrium exchange kinetics in
phospholipid vesicle structures [209, 210], showing the existence of both
intermicellar exchange processes and “flip-flop” motions. In the future, studies
are likely to be related to conformational changes, diffusion, and structural
transitions that can be investigated in great detail using the combined structural
and temporal resolution of TR-SAS techniques. Other applications likely to come
are investigations of kinetics in drug delivery carrier systems, where stability as
well as diffusion processes can be investigated.
For surfactant micelles, studies on the micellization kinetics and equilibrium
kinetics are still to come although, for the latter, results from a hybrid system
consisting of a short n-alkyl head group and a polymer tail were presented in
Sect. 4.4. Studies of such systems constitute significant challenges for the instrumentation as the time scale of these systems approaches ranges of a few milliseconds and
even submilliseconds. With improved and increased availability of neutron and X-ray
sources, the next decade is likely to see a significant increase in the application and
continued success of time-resolved scattering techniques in soft matter, material, and
biological sciences.
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to all colleagues on the beamlines, in particular
Dr. Peter Lindner, Dr. Isabelle Grillo, Dr. Vitaliy Pipich, Dr. Aurel Radulescu, Dr. Theyencheri
Narayanan, and Dr. Jeremie Gummel for fruitful collaborations. We are also indebted to Dr. Michael
Monkenbusch, Dr. Jo ¨rg Stellbrink, and Thomas Zinn for numerous fruitful discussions.
References
1. Israelachvili JN (1985) Intramolecular and surface forces- with applications to colloidal and
biological systems. Academic, London
2. Hamley IW (1998) The physics of block copolymers. Oxford University Press, New York
3. Yu K, Zhang L, Eisenberg A (1996) Langmuir 12(25):5980
4. Zhang L, Eisenberg A (1999) Macromolecules 32(7):2239
5. Jain S, Bates F (2003) Science 300(5618):460
6. Jain S, Bates FS (2004) Macromolecules 37:1511
7. Cui H, Chen Z, Zhong S, Wooley KL, Pochan DJ (2007) Science 317(5838):647
8. Wang X, Guerin G, Wang H, Wang Y, Manners I, Winnik MA (2007) Science 317(5838):644
9. Hayward RC, Pochan DJ (2010) Macromolecules 43(8):3577
10. He X, Schmid F (2008) Phys Rev Lett 100(1):137802
11. Cabral H, Matsumoto Y, Mizuno K, Chen Q, Murakami M, Kimura M, Terada Y, Kano MR,
Miyazono K, Uesaka M, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K (2011) Nat Nanotechnol 6(12):815
12. Patist A, Oh S, Leung R (2001) Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 176:3
13. Bras W, Ryan AJ (1997) Adv Colloid Interface Sci 75(1):1
14. Gradzielski M (2003) Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 8:337
15. Gradzielski M, Grillo I, Narayanan T (2004) Prog Colloid Polym Sci 129:32
Kinetics of Block Copolymer Micelles Studied by Small-Angle Scattering Methods
153
assemblies involving secondary and tertiary structures of proteins, TR-SAS is still
to be exploited on a wider scale. In a notable example, the KZAC/TR-SANS
technique was used to study and understand the equilibrium exchange kinetics in
phospholipid vesicle structures [209, 210], showing the existence of both
intermicellar exchange processes and “flip-flop” motions. In the future, studies
are likely to be related to conformational changes, diffusion, and structural
transitions that can be investigated in great detail using the combined structural
and temporal resolution of TR-SAS techniques. Other applications likely to come
are investigations of kinetics in drug delivery carrier systems, where stability as
well as diffusion processes can be investigated.
For surfactant micelles, studies on the micellization kinetics and equilibrium
kinetics are still to come although, for the latter, results from a hybrid system
consisting of a short n-alkyl head group and a polymer tail were presented in
Sect. 4.4. Studies of such systems constitute significant challenges for the instrumentation as the time scale of these systems approaches ranges of a few milliseconds and
even submilliseconds. With improved and increased availability of neutron and X-ray
sources, the next decade is likely to see a significant increase in the application and
continued success of time-resolved scattering techniques in soft matter, material, and
biological sciences.
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to all colleagues on the beamlines, in particular
Dr. Peter Lindner, Dr. Isabelle Grillo, Dr. Vitaliy Pipich, Dr. Aurel Radulescu, Dr. Theyencheri
Narayanan, and Dr. Jeremie Gummel for fruitful collaborations. We are also indebted to Dr. Michael
Monkenbusch, Dr. Jo ¨rg Stellbrink, and Thomas Zinn for numerous fruitful discussions.
References
1. Israelachvili JN (1985) Intramolecular and surface forces- with applications to colloidal and
biological systems. Academic, London
2. Hamley IW (1998) The physics of block copolymers. Oxford University Press, New York
3. Yu K, Zhang L, Eisenberg A (1996) Langmuir 12(25):5980
4. Zhang L, Eisenberg A (1999) Macromolecules 32(7):2239
5. Jain S, Bates F (2003) Science 300(5618):460
6. Jain S, Bates FS (2004) Macromolecules 37:1511
7. Cui H, Chen Z, Zhong S, Wooley KL, Pochan DJ (2007) Science 317(5838):647
8. Wang X, Guerin G, Wang H, Wang Y, Manners I, Winnik MA (2007) Science 317(5838):644
9. Hayward RC, Pochan DJ (2010) Macromolecules 43(8):3577
10. He X, Schmid F (2008) Phys Rev Lett 100(1):137802
11. Cabral H, Matsumoto Y, Mizuno K, Chen Q, Murakami M, Kimura M, Terada Y, Kano MR,
Miyazono K, Uesaka M, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K (2011) Nat Nanotechnol 6(12):815
12. Patist A, Oh S, Leung R (2001) Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 176:3
13. Bras W, Ryan AJ (1997) Adv Colloid Interface Sci 75(1):1
14. Gradzielski M (2003) Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 8:337
15. Gradzielski M, Grillo I, Narayanan T (2004) Prog Colloid Polym Sci 129:32
Kinetics of Block Copolymer Micelles Studied by Small-Angle Scattering Methods
153