Table 2 (continued)
S. No. Plants
Application of TiO 2 -NPs
Concentrations
Impacts
References
II
Biochemical and Physiological
1
Spinacia
oleracea
5 nm, anatase, seeds treatment 0.25%
Improved N 2 cycle, oxygen evolution,
chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis
Yang et al.
(2007)
2
Zea mays
30 nm, suspended in medium
30, 1000 mg l
−1
Reduction of cell wall pore size, reduced
transpiration
Asli and
Neumann
(2009)
3
Solanum
lycopersicum
22–28.5 nm, anatase, soil and
foliar application
0–1000 mg kg
−1
Relative chlorophyll in leaves and
lycopene content of fruits increased
Raliya et al.
(2015b)
4
Linum
usitatissimum
10–25, anatase, foliar
application
0, 10, 100, and
500 mg l
−1
Enhanced chlorophyll, carotenoids
contents, reduced MDA, inhibited H 2 O 2
accumulation
Aghdam et al.
(2016)
5
Arachis
hypogaea
5 nm, anatase, NP powders
blended with soil mixture
50 and
500 mg kg
−1
Increased photosynthetic efficiency,
altered biochemical profile
Rui et al. (2018)
6
Triticum
aestivum
< 20 nm, anatase, mixed in
soil
0, 20, 40, 60, 80,
100 mg kg
−1
Increased chlorophyll overproduction of
H 2 O 2
Rafique et al.
(2018)
7
Nicotiana
tabaccum
90–110 nm, spherical,
suspended in distilled water
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 mM
Increased MDA content and lipid
peroxidation and decrease in
concentration dependent manner
Ghosh et al.
(2010)
8
Ulmus
elongate
6.22 nm,anatase, TiO 2 -
NPs powder suspended in
water
0.1 g, 0.2 g, or
0.4 g/ 100 ml
Reduced photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll
fluorescence and transpiration
Gao et al.
(2013)
9
Spinacia
oleracea
Rutile, seeds soaked in TiO 2 -
NPs solution
0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0,
1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0,
and 6.0‰
Enhanced rubisco activity, chlorophyll
content, photosynthesis
Zheng et al.
(2005)
10
Phaseolus
vulgaris
21 nm, anatase, application by
spraying
0.01%, 0.02%,
0.03% and 0.05%
Increased antioxidant enzymes, inhibited
ROS accumulation, reduced chlorophyll
degradation
Ebrahimi et al.
(2016)
11
Hordeum
vulgare
foliar application of nTiO 2
using spray
0 and 2000 ppm
Improving chlorophyll content, hormones
synthesis and photosynthetic complexes
Janmohammadi
et al. (2016)
12
Cicer
arietinum
7–40 nm, anatase, foliar
application on potted plants
0, 2, 5, and 10 ppm Reduced electrolyte leakage, membrane
damage and increase cold stress tolerance
Mohammadi
et al. (2014)
13
Solanum
lycopersicum
16.04 nm, anatase, seeds
treated with TiO 2 - NPs
solution
0.05, 0.1, 0.2 g l
−1
Increased net photosynthesis (PSII
activity), transpiration and conductance
Qi et al. (2013)
14
Scenedesmus
sp. and
Chlorella sp.
<25 nm, anatase, suspended in
culture media
3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96
and 192 mg l
−1
Chlorophyll content decrease in
concentration-dependent manner
Sadiq et al.
2011
15
Picochlorum
sp.
21 nm,anatase, suspended in
culture media
10 mg l
−1
High chlorophyll a concentration
Hazeem et al.
(2016)
III
Genetic or molecular
1
Allium cepa
21 nm, anatase, suspended on
distilled water
10, 100, and
1000 mg l
−1
Increased lytic vacuoles, oil bodies,
nucleolar alterations and damaged DNA
Santos Filho
et al. (2019)
2
Triticum
aestivum
< 20 nm, mixed in soil
0, 20, 40, 60, 80,
100 mg kg
−1
Higher micronuclei (MN) formation
Rafique et al.
(2018)
3
Hordeum
vulgare
< 25 nm, anatase, nTiO2
powder suspensions
0, 500, 1000, and
2000 mg l
−1
Higher percentage of mitotic index but
reduction of cell divisions
Mattiello et al.
(2015)
4
Nicotiana
tabaccum
90–110 nm, spherical,
suspended in distilled water
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 mM
DNA damage, increase micronuclei
formation, chromosomal aberrations
Ghosh et al.
(2010)
5
Allium cepa
90–110 nm, spherical,
suspended in distilled water
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 mM
DNA damage, increase micronuclei
formation, chromosomal aberrations
Ghosh et al.
(2010)
(continued)
Interaction of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles …
57
S. No. Plants
Application of TiO 2 -NPs
Concentrations
Impacts
References
II
Biochemical and Physiological
1
Spinacia
oleracea
5 nm, anatase, seeds treatment 0.25%
Improved N 2 cycle, oxygen evolution,
chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis
Yang et al.
(2007)
2
Zea mays
30 nm, suspended in medium
30, 1000 mg l
−1
Reduction of cell wall pore size, reduced
transpiration
Asli and
Neumann
(2009)
3
Solanum
lycopersicum
22–28.5 nm, anatase, soil and
foliar application
0–1000 mg kg
−1
Relative chlorophyll in leaves and
lycopene content of fruits increased
Raliya et al.
(2015b)
4
Linum
usitatissimum
10–25, anatase, foliar
application
0, 10, 100, and
500 mg l
−1
Enhanced chlorophyll, carotenoids
contents, reduced MDA, inhibited H 2 O 2
accumulation
Aghdam et al.
(2016)
5
Arachis
hypogaea
5 nm, anatase, NP powders
blended with soil mixture
50 and
500 mg kg
−1
Increased photosynthetic efficiency,
altered biochemical profile
Rui et al. (2018)
6
Triticum
aestivum
< 20 nm, anatase, mixed in
soil
0, 20, 40, 60, 80,
100 mg kg
−1
Increased chlorophyll overproduction of
H 2 O 2
Rafique et al.
(2018)
7
Nicotiana
tabaccum
90–110 nm, spherical,
suspended in distilled water
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 mM
Increased MDA content and lipid
peroxidation and decrease in
concentration dependent manner
Ghosh et al.
(2010)
8
Ulmus
elongate
6.22 nm,anatase, TiO 2 -
NPs powder suspended in
water
0.1 g, 0.2 g, or
0.4 g/ 100 ml
Reduced photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll
fluorescence and transpiration
Gao et al.
(2013)
9
Spinacia
oleracea
Rutile, seeds soaked in TiO 2 -
NPs solution
0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0,
1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0,
and 6.0‰
Enhanced rubisco activity, chlorophyll
content, photosynthesis
Zheng et al.
(2005)
10
Phaseolus
vulgaris
21 nm, anatase, application by
spraying
0.01%, 0.02%,
0.03% and 0.05%
Increased antioxidant enzymes, inhibited
ROS accumulation, reduced chlorophyll
degradation
Ebrahimi et al.
(2016)
11
Hordeum
vulgare
foliar application of nTiO 2
using spray
0 and 2000 ppm
Improving chlorophyll content, hormones
synthesis and photosynthetic complexes
Janmohammadi
et al. (2016)
12
Cicer
arietinum
7–40 nm, anatase, foliar
application on potted plants
0, 2, 5, and 10 ppm Reduced electrolyte leakage, membrane
damage and increase cold stress tolerance
Mohammadi
et al. (2014)
13
Solanum
lycopersicum
16.04 nm, anatase, seeds
treated with TiO 2 - NPs
solution
0.05, 0.1, 0.2 g l
−1
Increased net photosynthesis (PSII
activity), transpiration and conductance
Qi et al. (2013)
14
Scenedesmus
sp. and
Chlorella sp.
<25 nm, anatase, suspended in
culture media
3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96
and 192 mg l
−1
Chlorophyll content decrease in
concentration-dependent manner
Sadiq et al.
2011
15
Picochlorum
sp.
21 nm,anatase, suspended in
culture media
10 mg l
−1
High chlorophyll a concentration
Hazeem et al.
(2016)
III
Genetic or molecular
1
Allium cepa
21 nm, anatase, suspended on
distilled water
10, 100, and
1000 mg l
−1
Increased lytic vacuoles, oil bodies,
nucleolar alterations and damaged DNA
Santos Filho
et al. (2019)
2
Triticum
aestivum
< 20 nm, mixed in soil
0, 20, 40, 60, 80,
100 mg kg
−1
Higher micronuclei (MN) formation
Rafique et al.
(2018)
3
Hordeum
vulgare
< 25 nm, anatase, nTiO2
powder suspensions
0, 500, 1000, and
2000 mg l
−1
Higher percentage of mitotic index but
reduction of cell divisions
Mattiello et al.
(2015)
4
Nicotiana
tabaccum
90–110 nm, spherical,
suspended in distilled water
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 mM
DNA damage, increase micronuclei
formation, chromosomal aberrations
Ghosh et al.
(2010)
5
Allium cepa
90–110 nm, spherical,
suspended in distilled water
0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 mM
DNA damage, increase micronuclei
formation, chromosomal aberrations
Ghosh et al.
(2010)
(continued)
Interaction of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles …
57